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The Birth and Evolution of Jazz: From New Orleans to Fusion

Explore the rich history and transformation of jazz, from its origins in New Orleans to the fusion of jazz and rock in the 1970s. Learn about iconic musicians, styles, and influential compositions in this musical journey.

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The Birth and Evolution of Jazz: From New Orleans to Fusion

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  1. Chapter 9 Jazz

  2. The birth of jazz • Shortly after the War of 1812 • From New Orleans, LA • Instruments included trumpets, trombones, clarinets, saxophones, and drums • A mixture of traditional ethnic music, gospel, blues, ragtime, classical (from Creole musicians)

  3. Jazz – a musical form distinguished by its reliance on improvisation and its rhythmic urgency • Polyrhythmic – juxtaposing two or more different rhythms • Eubie Blake, James P. Johnson, and Earl Hines set norms on “stride piano”

  4. “Jelly Roll” Morton • Ferdinand Morton • 1885-1941 • Perfected Dixieland Jazz – small ensemble, one of each instrument, blend of simultaneous improvisation • Black Bottom Stomp

  5. Break – a measure or two where everyone stops playing except the soloist • Scat singing – a form of vocal improvisation on nonsense syllables • Ella Fitzgerald - One Note Samba • She was discovered as a 17 year old during a singing competition at the Apollo Theater. She was the first black woman to win a Grammy Award. She died in 1996 in California.

  6. Louis armstrong • 1898-1991 • From New Orleans • Trumpet, vocals • Nicknamed – “Satchmo” • What A Wonderful World

  7. With style of “hot jazz” sizes of band expanded • Hotter Than That – Lil Hardin

  8. Reaching chicago • New style of jazz (1930s)– swing – the special rhythmic character that jazz musicians give to the music • Fletcher Henderson developed swing style and expanded jazz ensembles to compliment the style • Brass section – 3 trumpets, 2 trombones • Reed section – 3 or 4 saxes (double clarinets) • Rhythm section – drums, piano, guitar and double bass • Henderson Stomp – trading fours

  9. Big band era • Mid 1930s, music was primarily for listening, not dancing • Benny Goodman – clarinetist, Russian-Jewish immigrant family, “King of Swing”, first/only major jazz artist to have a parallel career in classical music • Lester Young – played tenor sax, ushered the transition from clarinet to sax • 32 bar form – AABA form, standard jazz form • Bridge – a connective part of a composition

  10. Composers • Duke Ellington – one of the most important American composers, wrote over 2000 pieces, “It Don’t Mean a Thing” – sung by Ella Fitzgerald, “Cotton Tail” • Chromatic – incorporating tones from a musical scale consisting entirely of half steps • Mary Lou Williams – popular female composer, Zodiac Suite (Gemini)

  11. 1940s and bebop • Bebop – a complex and sophisticated type of improvised jazz, for listening rather than dancing • Smaller ensemble than big band/swing, more freedom to improvise

  12. Bebop musicians • John Birks “Dizzy” Gillespie – trumpet • Charlie “Yardbird” Parker – alto sax • Made melodies more chromatic, harmonies and rhythms became more complex, rapid tempos and dazzling technical displays • “Shaw Nuff” by Gillespie and Parker

  13. 1950s – return to Dixieland and Ragtime styles, developed new styles “rhythm and blues” and “modal jazz” • Dorian Mode – a scale with the pattern of WHWWWHW • Miles Davis – pioneer of modal jazz, “So What” • Thelonious Monk – “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes”

  14. 1960s/70s – “free jazz”, similar to modal jazz, just more complex • Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and Quincy Jones – pushed new style of “fusion” – combination of jazz and rock • “Birdland” - fusion • “So Danco Samba” - Latin • “I Got You” – blues • “Easy Listening” – Norah Jones, Kenny G

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