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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M_Ttstbgs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M_Ttstbgs. Indo-China + Vietnam. 1946-1975. Indo-China War: A Prelude to the Vietnam War. 1946 - 1954. The Indo-China War, 1946-1954 Background . Indo-China (Indochina) was/included the countries Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Thailand, + Vietnam .

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  1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M_Ttstbgs

  2. Indo-China + Vietnam 1946-1975

  3. Indo-China War: A Prelude to the Vietnam War 1946 - 1954

  4. The Indo-China War, 1946-1954Background • Indo-China (Indochina) was/included the countries Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Thailand, + Vietnam. • Was a French colony pre-WW II. • The French treated the Native peoples roughly, damaging culture and local government traditions.

  5. The Indo-China War, 1946-1954Background • After WW I, the French began to involve local members in government and recognized local laws, making it appear they cared, but still enforced the French laws that were major.

  6. Background: Ho Chi Minh • Young Marxist, Ho Chi Minh, meaning"bringer of light,” was a French and Russian educated. • Ho set up the Indo-Chinese Communist Party in 1930+ had a major revolt after Vietnam attempted to declared herself independent = the French put it down and Ho fled to the USSR.

  7. Background: Ho Chi Minh • During WW II, Japan occupied Indo-China, and was constantly harassed by the Viet Minh – The "League for the Independence of Vietnam". • In 1954Ho'declared the state of Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and relocated to Hanoi and became the government of North Vietnam, a Communist-led single party state.

  8. The Indo-China War (aka the Sino-Indian War or the First Indochina War) • Fought in French Indochina from December 19, 1946, until August 1, 1954. • Between the French Union’s French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Emperor Bao Dai’s Vietnamese National Army against the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh and Vo Nguyen Gaip.

  9. The Indo-China War • Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighbouring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.

  10. The Indo-China War • The French returned to regain control of the South, but Ho and the Viet Minh had control of the North. • The French offered a self-governing North within a French Indo-China. • This was not enough for Ho and hostilities broke out (armed fighting).

  11. The Indo-China War • June 1949, the French set up Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia under French controlled rulers. • The Viet Minh were stronger, better disciplined, better armed, knew the land, and were fighting for a cause: the independence of their country.

  12. The Indo-China War: Domino Theory Fear • The USA, fearing Communism (Domino Theory) gave the French a billion worth of military aid. • Viet Minh used guerrilla tactics to harass the French.

  13. The Indo-China War: Domino Theory Fear • The final battle was at DIEM BIEN PHU in1954: • A valley surrounded by high hills. • The French concentrated their forces in the valley, trying to get the Vietminh to fight out in the open.

  14. The Indo-China War: Domino Theory Fear • The Viet Minh carried huge weapons up the backside of thee hills, and bombarded the French from the top. • General Vo Nguyen Giap (Viet Minh/Vietnam People’s Army/Viet Cong) won the battle through this tactic.

  15. The Indo-China War: French Surrender • The French surrendered on May 7, 1954 with the signing of the Geneva Agreement. • The 1954 Geneva Accords, concluded between France and the Vietminh, provided that communist forces regroup in the North and non-communist forces regroup in the South.

  16. The Indo-China War: Communist State Declared • Ho then declared the Communist state of Vietnam. • A truce was reached and the French withdrew south of the 17th Parallel (South Vietnam).

  17. The Indo-China War: Elections?! • The country was supposed to hold elections, but the majority of the population lived in the Communist North, so they would easily win any election. • The USA made sure elections were never held.

  18. Background: Communism in Vietnam • Although the Geneva Accords had provided for a national election to reunify the country in 1956, this provision was rejected by South Vietnam’s government and the United States.

  19. Background: Why Rejected? • The U.S. committed itself to oppose Communism in Asia beginning in 1950, when it funded 80 percent of the French effort. • After Geneva, the U.S. replaced France as South Vietnam's chief sponsor and financial backer, but there never was a treaty between the U.S. and South Vietnam.

  20. The Results: Decolonization • SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization) was formed. • USA, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan and the Philippines agreed to take action in the area if necessary.

  21. The Results: Decolonization • But the agreement had no teeth. • The countries signed to be protected by the USA; the USA wanted to contain Communism. • This was yet another example of de-colonization, and Britain and France losing international power to the USA.

  22. The Results: First President • Jean Baptiste Ngo Dinh Diem(Catholic) became the first president of South Vietnam (1955-63), which was a Buddhist country. • Diem was a corrupt leader, who was viscous to the people, but the USA backed him because he was not Communist.

  23. The Results: NLF + Viet Cong • Diem had to constantly deal with the NLF (National Liberation Front) which was the Viet Minh organization for a united Vietnam.

  24. The Results: NLF + Viet Cong • Also, there was the insurgency of the VIET CONG (VC): • Communist supporters living in the South who used terrorist tactics to intimidate Diem. • Both the NLF and the Viet Cong were controlled by Ho Chi Minh.

  25. NEXT:On to the Vietnam War

  26. Surrender Was Not An Option ~ Jack Cunningham, 1989 • “The next thing I knew, there was a huge flash and I was flying through the air and slammed against a cement well wall. I was completely dazed, bleeding from my head, chest, arms, stomach and legs. (My flak jacket was completely torn up.) There was a tremendous ringing in my ears and my body was shaking. At first I was bleeding so badly I thought I was dying. But my bleeding was quickly stopped by all the bandages that my buddy, George Dros placed on me. The fight raged around me and the machine gunner, who was also wounded from the bomb blast. Finally, our CAP Team drove the terrorists from our village. The Viet Cong left four dead and many blood trails.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7WtVJSJQaM

  27. The Vietnam War: The Containment 1955-1975

  28. The Vietnam War, 1955-1975Background • Indo China War – 1946-54. • De-colonization of the French. • Opposition to the South through the NLF or the Viet Cong. • The Geneva Agreement 1954. • 17th Parallel made the border between North Vietnam (Minh) and South Vietnam (Diem).

  29. The Vietnam War, 1955-1975(Aka the Second Indochina War/The American War) • Was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to April 30, 1975 when Saigon fell. • This war followed the First Indochina War.

  30. The Vietnam War, 1955-1975(Aka the Second Indochina War/The American War) • Fought between the communist Northern Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the US and other anti-communist nations.

  31. Increase of US Involvement • President Kennedy increased ‘military advisors’ because the USA feared Saigon could not control the Communist problems in the South. • 1962 – the number of military advisors goes from 500 to 10,000. • 1963 - the corrupt Southern leader Diem is overthrown with CIA help.

  32. Increase of US Involvement • The initial fact finding missions of the State department kept telling the USA to get out, it was a no win situation. • But, the American leaders were blinded by their fear of Communism and the Domino Theory and the possibility of a “Bamboo Curtain.”

  33. Escalation: Gulf of Tonkin Incident • Lyndon B. Johnson (Kennedy’s vice president) took over presidency when Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. • Johnson changed the term advisors to combat troops. • The Gulf of Tonkin Incident – 1964 • The North apparently torpedoed a US destroyer.

  34. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • By President Johnson led to regular ground troops and air support. • The NLF and the Vietcong were getting massive support from the North through the Ho Chi Minh Trail. • This was a supply route from the north through Laos into Cambodia and into the South.

  35. Escalation: The Tet Offensive • 1968 - The Tet Offensive. • Massive attack by the North. • America was winning the battles, but loosing the war. • The Vietnamese knew the territory, jungle fighting, were there for a purpose.

  36. Escalation: The Tet Offensive • While the Americans began to wonder why they were fighting in a jungle far away from home. • The media became very important as American’s ate dinner at home and watched the war every night on the news. • Vietnam was the first war recorded by American media.

  37. The Turning Point • The turning point came in January 1968 with the Tet Offensive. • The US public had been told that America was winning the war.

  38. The Turning Point?! • However, when the VC attacked (and held for 3 weeks) most of South Vietnamese cities and towns Americans began to question whether the war could be won at all! • Despite the serious VC losses (20,000), they were soon replaced.

  39. A New President • By 1968, Johnson was totally discredited by the war. • It forced him to not seek re-election.

  40. A New President: Nixon • Richard Nixon became the next President of the USA on a “Peace in Vietnam” platform. • But would not just pull out of the war right away. • Talk + Fight = Two Track (Dual-Track) Formula.

  41. Nixon + The Anti-War Movement • The Anti-War Movement in the USA had reached a huge level: • College rallies of “stop the war” were frequent. • Troops returning home were treated rudely, not as war hero’s.

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