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Lipids

Lipids. Jessica Iwuoha, Stephen Souvall, Kelly Dickson. Outline. What are Lipids? Structure Chemical Properties Three reactions Types of Lipids. “Nutrition Salad”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://nutritionsalad.artscienceillustration.com/fats-and-oils/. What are Lipids?.

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Lipids

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  1. Lipids • Jessica Iwuoha, Stephen Souvall, Kelly Dickson

  2. Outline • What are Lipids? • Structure • Chemical Properties • Three reactions • Types of Lipids “Nutrition Salad”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://nutritionsalad.artscienceillustration.com/fats-and-oils/

  3. What are Lipids? • Naturally occurring, energy rich compounds • Insoluble in water • Soluble in nonpolar solvents • Functions • Waxy Coatings • Energy Storage • Structural Components (ex. cellular membranes) “Lipids Function”, last modified December 1, 2011, http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lipids-function.html

  4. Classification

  5. Structure of Fatty Acids • Fundamental building blocks of most lipids • Long-chain carboxylic acids • Polar, hydrophilic head • Nonpolar, hydrophobic tail “Biochemistry 462a Lecture Notes”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Lipids.html

  6. Fatty Acid Characteristics • 10-20 Carbons (usually even numbered) • Unsaturated or saturated • Usually no other functional groups “Real Fitness Blog”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://www.realfitnessblog.com/2008/11/30/dietary-fat-is-not-the-enemy/

  7. HEALTH BREAK • What are the two types of “essential” fatty acids? “Hard Body Success”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://www.hardbodysuccessblog.com/my_weblog/2008/10/good-fats-they-can-still-go-to-your-waistline.html

  8. HEALTH BREAK • Answer: • Omega-3 fatty acid (alpha-linolenic acid) • Omega-6 fatty acid (linoleic acid) • Need to be obtained from outside sources because the body cannot produce them “Health by Dr. K.com”, last modified December 1, 2011, http://healthbydrk.com/

  9. Structure of Fats & Oils • Fats and oils are esters – contain an alcohol and acid portion • Alcohol supplied by glycerol • Acid from fatty acids • Forms triglyceride “UNM Biology Undergraduate Labs”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html

  10. HEALTH BREAK • Triglycerides • Fats: triglycerides from animals • Oils: from plants/fish • Structural and physical properties of fatty acids determine properties of triglycerides • Excessive saturated fat – link to high LDL levels

  11. Chemical Properties • Similar to esters and alkenes because these two groups are present • Three reactions • Hydrolysis • Saponification • Hydrogenation “Health and Wellness Info”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://victorordu.wordpress.com/2011/10/16/what-you-can-do-improve-your-triglyceride-numbers/

  12. H2O, H+ H2, Ni More saturated triglyceride Glycerol + fatty acid salts Triglyceride NaOH Glycerol + fatty acids Reaction Map

  13. Hydrolysis H+ • Fats/oils + water glycerol + fatty acid • Reverse of ester formation • Digestive enzymes can catalyze the process • Important for lipid metabolism Lipase Lipase “Hydrolysis of Glyceride”, last modified November 27, 2011, http://www.engin.umich.edu/dept/che/research/savage/hydrolysisoftriglyceride.jpg

  14. H2O, H+ H2, Ni More saturated triglyceride Glycerol + fatty acid salts Triglyceride NaOH Glycerol + fatty acids Reaction Map

  15. Saponification • Triglyceride + 3NaOH Glycerol + Soaps • Commercially important: makes soap • Salts obtained: • Sodium salts- used in hard soaps • Potassium salts- used in liquid soaps and shaving creams • Animal fat traditionally used for triglyceride

  16. H2O, H+ H2, Ni More saturated triglyceride Glycerol + fatty acid salts Triglyceride NaOH Glycerol + fatty acids Reaction Map

  17. Hydrogenation • Fatty acid double bonds converted to single bonds • Decrease in unsaturation, increase in melting point http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/trans.html

  18. Classification

  19. Waxes • Simple lipid (ex. plant coatings, cosmetics) • Insoluble in water • Esters of fatty acids • Alcohol derived from long-chain alcohols, instead of glycerol Long Chain Fatty Acid Long-chain Alcohol http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/waxes/index.htm

  20. Classification

  21. Phosphoglycerides/Sphingolipids • Also called phospholipids • Complex lipid • Major component of cell membrane Sphingosine Glycerol Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric Acid Choline Aminoalcohol

  22. Biological Membranes • Most cell membranes contain 60% lipids • Phosphoglycerides, sphingomyelin, cholesterol • Fluid-mosaic model http://lotchibio05.blogspot.com/2010/12/fluid-mosaic-model.html

  23. Classification

  24. Steroids • Different structure than other lipids • 3, 6-membered rings and a single 5-member ring • Cholesterol • Precursor for bile salts, many hormones and Vitamin D • Bile Salts http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1030.htm

  25. Classification

  26. Prostaglandins • Cyclic compounds synthesized in the body from arachiodonic acid, the 20-carbon fatty acid • Involved in reproductive processes http://broscience.com/broscience-com-approved-articles/332-cytokines-fatty-acids-inflammation-skeletal-muscle-growth.html

  27. Questions?

  28. Works Cited "Bioc 462a Lecture Notes." Welcome to Chemistry & Biochemistry (CBC) | Chemistry and Biochemistry. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Lipids.html>. "Building Blocks of Nutrition: The Fuels - Part 3. Fats." Nutrition Salad. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://nutritionsalad.artscienceillustration.com/fats-and-oils/>. "Cytokines, Fatty Acids, Inflammation, and Skeletal Muscle Growth - BroScience.com." BroScience.com. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://broscience.com/broscience-com-approved-articles/332-cytokines-fatty-acids-inflammation-skeletal-muscle-growth.html>. "Dietary Fat Is Not the Enemy." Real Fitness Blog. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.realfitnessblog.com/2008/11/30/dietary-fat-is-not-the-enemy/>. "Fat and Why It Matters." Indiana University. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/trans.html>. "Fluid Mosaic Model." Lotchi Bio. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://lotchibio05.blogspot.com/2010/12/fluid-mosaic-model.html>. ""Good Fats": They Can Still Go to Your Waistline." Natural Bodybuilding, Fitness, and Peak Performance. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.hardbodysuccessblog.com/my_weblog/2008/10/good-fats-they-can-still-go-to-your-waistline.html>. "Lipids." Home. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. Seager, Spencer L., and Michael R. Slabaugh. Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2008. Print. "Waxes, Structure, Composition, Occurrence and Analysis." Lipid Library - Lipid Chemistry, Biology, Technology and Analysis. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/waxes/index.htm>. "What You Can Do: Improve Your Triglyceride Numbers « Health & Wellness Info." Health & Wellness Info. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://victorordu.wordpress.com/2011/10/16/what-you-can-do-improve-your-triglyceride-numbers/>.

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