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Soil

Components:. Mineral Particles. Water. Air. Organic Particles. Organisms. Soil. 1 acre-foot of soil may contain 3 tons of organisms!. Mineral Particles - We will ignore boulders, rocks, stones and pebbles. air capacity. water capacity. nutrient capacity. size. drainage. sand.

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Soil

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  1. Components: Mineral Particles Water Air Organic Particles Organisms Soil 1 acre-foot of soil may contain 3 tons of organisms! Mineral Particles - We will ignore boulders, rocks, stones and pebbles aircapacity watercapacity nutrient capacity size drainage sand 1-0.1 mm +++ +++ - - silt 0.1-0.001 + ++ + + clay < 0.001 - - +++ +++ None of these single particles is ideal for growing plants Loam: a mixture suitable for growing plants

  2. How Do We Know If We Have Loam? Surface Active Agent Surfactant Perfect Loam Calgon Water mix, let settle Not all loams are “perfect” clay 20% silt 40% sand 40%

  3. Let’s Try Another Example ( NOT ON VIP! ) Sandy Clay Loam Supports Plant Growth clay 30% silt 20% sand 50%

  4. Let’s Try A More-Challenging Example ( NOT ON VIP ) You cannot draw ON the lines, but you MUST stay parallel to them! Clay Loam Supports Plant Growth clay 32% silt 35% sand 33%

  5. 100% Do You Really Understand This? ( NOT ON VIP ) If so, then you should be able to work this process backwards just as easily as forwards! You cannot draw ON the lines, but you MUST stay parallel to them! Try to determine the percentages of sand, silt, and clay for the dot of the i in silt loam. clay 13% silt 63% sand 24% How do you check your work?

  6. Macronutrients C. Hopkins Café: Mighty Good C H O P K N S Ca Fe Mg CO2 H2O limited in most soils the three parts of normal fertilizer limited in CT soils due to acid rain… dolomitic limestone Fertilizer Guaranteed Analysis: N-P-K Balanced Fertilizer: Good for flower garden Example Analysis: 5-10-15 10% 15% 5% %phosphorus = %potassium = %nitrogen = Single Fertilizer: Nitrogen good for lawn Another Example: 25-0-0 0% 0% 25% %phosphorus = %potassium = %nitrogen =

  7. H2O H+ + OH- Micronutrients Come on cousin, see Mo by Al and Cleo Co Mn Cu Zn Si Mo B Al Cl • Micronutrients are just as important but are needed in smaller amount • These metal ions serve as cofactors for many enzymes • Leached out of soils by acid rain • Added to some blended fertilizers • Recommended for Connecticut Nutrients Available to Plants Via Soil Water Water dissociates: [H+] = 10-7M pH 7 [H+]: 100 10-7 10-14 pH Scale: 0 7 14 acid neutral alkaline sour sweet bitter vinegar dH2O soap cranberry bean grass Pioneer farmers tasted the soil to decide where to homestead

  8. Cation Exchange - how plants “mine” soils clay particle opposite charges attract Ca2+ Root Ca2+ Mg2+ Cu2+ Mo2+ hydrogen cation replaces metal cation Mg2+ Zn+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Fe3+ Ca2+ H+ Ca2+ H+ hydrogen cation secreted Ca2+ H+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ H+ released metal cation available for root uptake Ca2+ root hair Ca2+ metal cations move up xylem

  9. Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Root H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Mo2+ Mo2+ Mo2+ Mo2+ Mo2+ Mo2+ Mo2+ Mo2+ Mo2+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Zn+ Zn+ Zn+ Zn+ Zn+ Zn+ Zn+ Zn+ Zn+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Fe3+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ root hair Cation Exchange - how acid rain depletes soil NY: SO2 + H2O -> H2SO3 -> 2H+ + SO32- CT soil is left without metal cations! Fertilizers with micronutrients are needed. H+ H+ H+ H+ hydrogen cations replace the metal cations roots have nothing left to mine! released metal cations wash into streams, rivers, and Long Island Sound NY: NO2 + H2O -> H2NO3 -> 2H+ + NO32- -> CT acid rain!

  10. Horizons subject to erosion • Prevented by: • Mulching • Proper cultivation • Perennial planting Black color is caused by organic particles Soil Horizons A black Leaching zone: roots here (topsoil) B “red” Accumulating zone: nutrients (subsoil) C rocky Weathered bedrock D solid Bedrock • Rotting material makes humus particles • Improve drainage (air capacity) • Increase water holding capacity • Increase nutrient holding capacity leaves, grass clippings, compost, green manure, horse manure

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