La tierra y el desplazamiento forzoso

1. La tierra y el desplazamiento forzoso Ana Mar�a Ib��ez � Universidad de los Andes Internal conflicts may entail large asset losses for groups of the civil population. The main victims of internal conflicts is the civil population who is attacked by armed groups in order to expand territorial control, to weaken the support for the opponent or seize valuable assets. Asset losses may compromise present and future welfare by restricting income generation opportunities and limiting severely risk-sharing mechanisms. If assets losses are not recouped, due to imperfect credit markets or low incomes, households victims of conflict may fall into poverty traps difficult to overcome. Conflicts may thus leave a legacy of structural poverty which may in turn compromise peace efforts. The broad purpose of this paper is to explore this issues focusing on a particular group of victims of the colombian conflict: the displaced population in Colombia. As a consequence of the long-standing internal conflict in Colombia, more than 3 million persons have been forced to migrate to seek refuge from violence. Figure that is equivalent to near 7% of the Colombian Population. Internal conflicts may entail large asset losses for groups of the civil population. The main victims of internal conflicts is the civil population who is attacked by armed groups in order to expand territorial control, to weaken the support for the opponent or seize valuable assets. Asset losses may compromise present and future welfare by restricting income generation opportunities and limiting severely risk-sharing mechanisms. If assets losses are not recouped, due to imperfect credit markets or low incomes, households victims of conflict may fall into poverty traps difficult to overcome. Conflicts may thus leave a legacy of structural poverty which may in turn compromise peace efforts. The broad purpose of this paper is to explore this issues focusing on a particular group of victims of the colombian conflict: the displaced population in Colombia. As a consequence of the long-standing internal conflict in Colombia, more than 3 million persons have been forced to migrate to seek refuge from violence. Figure that is equivalent to near 7% of the Colombian Population.

2. La caleta de Mancuso Now lets move on discussing the objectives of the paperNow lets move on discussing the objectives of the paper

3. Estructura de la presentaci�n Apropiaci�n de tierras: una estrategia de los grupos armados La d�bil protecci�n a los derechos de propiedad: �una causa? �Cu�les son las consecuencias econ�micas y sociales? Las p�rdidas de la poblaci�n desplazada Las ineficiencias de la inversi�n agr�cola The outline of the presentation is as follows. First, I will briefly describe the objectives of the paper. Then, I will explain why civil conflict analyze further why civil conflict entail large assets losses on the civil population and why this may create poverty traps difficult to overcome. Thirdly, I will present briefly the data we employed, show some interesting graphs about assets losses for the displaced population and discuss the econometric results. Lastly, I will conclude. The outline of the presentation is as follows. First, I will briefly describe the objectives of the paper. Then, I will explain why civil conflict analyze further why civil conflict entail large assets losses on the civil population and why this may create poverty traps difficult to overcome. Thirdly, I will present briefly the data we employed, show some interesting graphs about assets losses for the displaced population and discuss the econometric results. Lastly, I will conclude.

4. Una estrategia de guerra de los grupos armados Grupos armados al margen de la ley buscan expandir control y hegemon�a territorial El territorio es importante para llevar a cabo actividades il�citas Producci�n de cultivos il�citos Corredores de armas y drogas La tierra puede ser valiosa para explotaci�n econ�mica Recursos mineros Cultivos agroindustriales Construcci�n futura de infraestructura Acumulaci�n de tierras valiosas: bot�n de guerra As I mentioned in the beginning, the broad purpose of the paper is to explore how internal conflicts produce large asset losses for groups of the civil population and whether these assets losses may push households to structural poverty. To achieve this broad objective, we examine the impact of conflict on households� asset holdings, we explore the process and evaluate the magnitude of assets losses caused by internal conflict, investigate the process of asset accumulation after the shock and discuss whether losses produce by conflict may create poverty traps As I mentioned in the beginning, the broad purpose of the paper is to explore how internal conflicts produce large asset losses for groups of the civil population and whether these assets losses may push households to structural poverty. To achieve this broad objective, we examine the impact of conflict on households� asset holdings, we explore the process and evaluate the magnitude of assets losses caused by internal conflict, investigate the process of asset accumulation after the shock and discuss whether losses produce by conflict may create poverty traps

5. La expulsi�n de poblaci�n: una estrategia de control del territorio Para lograr los objetivos anteriores, los grupos armados expulsan a la poblaci�n civil. La expulsi�n de poblaci�n civil es una estrategia de guerra que Facilita el control territorial Debilita el apoyo al oponente Libera tierras valiosas para la explotaci�n o la apropiaci�n ilegal La expulsi�n se logra con ataques a la poblaci�n: amenazas de muerte, homicidios selectivos, masacres, agresiones sexuales, reclutamiento forzoso But asset losses from civil war not only restricted to physical assets, such as land and housing, as is usually envisioned. Here I present a taxonomical description of asset losses for the forcefully displaced. First, as the displaced population has to leave hastily, location-specific physical assets, like land, are usually abandoned, seized by armed groups or sold at extremely low prices. More importantly so, these assets are not usually recuperate upon return as many had unclear property rights, were sold legally or are under control of armed groups. Second, forced displacement and conflict also produces losses of human capital. On the one hand, the displaced population usually come from rural areas, were dedicated to agricultural activities, and arrive to urban areas where their labor skills are not valued. Thus, returns from location-specific human capital diminishes. On the other hand, the violence events preceding displacement end up sometime in death, migration or abduction of family members; generally, the main breadwinner is victim of this attacks. Third, social capital is greatly affected by forced displacement. Distance and infrequent contact weakens social networks and participation in formal organizations is less common and concentrated on charity organizations, which provide support , but are not effective to spur productive activities. Lastly, financial capital drops significantly. Disruption of social networks implies a large reduction in informal credits. Also, access to formal credits is restricted as displaced persons lack collateral and personal references.But asset losses from civil war not only restricted to physical assets, such as land and housing, as is usually envisioned. Here I present a taxonomical description of asset losses for the forcefully displaced. First, as the displaced population has to leave hastily, location-specific physical assets, like land, are usually abandoned, seized by armed groups or sold at extremely low prices. More importantly so, these assets are not usually recuperate upon return as many had unclear property rights, were sold legally or are under control of armed groups. Second, forced displacement and conflict also produces losses of human capital. On the one hand, the displaced population usually come from rural areas, were dedicated to agricultural activities, and arrive to urban areas where their labor skills are not valued. Thus, returns from location-specific human capital diminishes. On the other hand, the violence events preceding displacement end up sometime in death, migration or abduction of family members; generally, the main breadwinner is victim of this attacks. Third, social capital is greatly affected by forced displacement. Distance and infrequent contact weakens social networks and participation in formal organizations is less common and concentrated on charity organizations, which provide support , but are not effective to spur productive activities. Lastly, financial capital drops significantly. Disruption of social networks implies a large reduction in informal credits. Also, access to formal credits is restricted as displaced persons lack collateral and personal references.

6. Hoy, hay un poco m�s de 3.5 millones de personas desplazadas: el segundo en el mundo despu�s de Sud�n, 7.8% de la poblaci�n colombiana y 1.5 veces Barranquilla What is the impact of all these asset losses? Evidently, household income drops significantly as returns from physical assets disappear or are lower, unemployment rates are high, dependency rates increase and households are credit constrained. Moreover, informal and formal risk-sharing mechanisms are destroyed: access to formal and informal credits is restricted, reducing consumption is not an option as consumption is at subsistence levels and social networks are weakened. Both of the above, imply that recovering from the asset shock and accumulating new assets is hardly an option for most households. To complement drops in income and accumulate new assets, households have to resort to costly strategies such as school interruption and child labor, which increases present income, but implies significant reductions in future income. Low incomes, small assets holdings, impossibility to protect against shocks and the adoption of costly strategies, lock households into low income trajectories and leaping to high income trajectories is extremely difficult. This pushes households into poverty traps difficult to overcome. What is the impact of all these asset losses? Evidently, household income drops significantly as returns from physical assets disappear or are lower, unemployment rates are high, dependency rates increase and households are credit constrained. Moreover, informal and formal risk-sharing mechanisms are destroyed: access to formal and informal credits is restricted, reducing consumption is not an option as consumption is at subsistence levels and social networks are weakened. Both of the above, imply that recovering from the asset shock and accumulating new assets is hardly an option for most households. To complement drops in income and accumulate new assets, households have to resort to costly strategies such as school interruption and child labor, which increases present income, but implies significant reductions in future income. Low incomes, small assets holdings, impossibility to protect against shocks and the adoption of costly strategies, lock households into low income trajectories and leaping to high income trajectories is extremely difficult. This pushes households into poverty traps difficult to overcome.

7. Y la victimizaci�n de los desplazados es dram�tica

8. La informalidad en la propiedad de la tierra es elevada en Colombia The data we use was collected by us, Universidad de los Andes, and the Catholic Church. We applied surveys to 2,322 displaced households located in 48 municipalities and 21 departments. In order to evaluate the impact of income generation programs, the sample is composed of two subsamples. A treatment group representative of beneficiaries of income generation programs composed by 769 households. The control group, representative of the Colombian displaced population, is composed by 1553 households. The questionnaire collects information about all stages of the migration process, household characteristics, conditions in destination municipalities and retrospectives questions about conditions in origin municipalities. The data we use was collected by us, Universidad de los Andes, and the Catholic Church. We applied surveys to 2,322 displaced households located in 48 municipalities and 21 departments. In order to evaluate the impact of income generation programs, the sample is composed of two subsamples. A treatment group representative of beneficiaries of income generation programs composed by 769 households. The control group, representative of the Colombian displaced population, is composed by 1553 households. The questionnaire collects information about all stages of the migration process, household characteristics, conditions in destination municipalities and retrospectives questions about conditions in origin municipalities.

9. Y la informalidad de la propiedad es predominante en peque�os propietarios de bajos ingreso Asset losses of the displaced population are substantial. Average loss per household is US$7.037 and the net present value of foregone agricultural revenue per household is US$15.787. The aggregated figures of land abandoned is 1.5 million hectares, which amounts to 2.5 the land distributed by agrarian reform programs in Colombia. The graph presents the quantile distribution for asset recovery after displacement. We can distinguish 4 groups for asset recovery: the first quartile contains households who had a higher economic status before displacement, faced higher asset losses, were victims with a higher probability of direct attacks from armed groups and are facing the worst conditions in destination municipalities. The second group is similar to the first one, yet victimization is less frequent and employment rates are higher. The third quantile is the most vulnerable group economic status before displacement was extremely slow, less households beneficiaries of income generation programs and a frequent loss of the main breadwinner, high dependency ratios and the highest unemployment. The fourth quantile, the only one with positive recovery of assets, are frequent beneficiaries of income generation programs, have a higher control of assets in hometown, have been settled for longer, access to credits, more membership in formal organizations, mostly headed by males and less unemployment. Asset losses of the displaced population are substantial. Average loss per household is US$7.037 and the net present value of foregone agricultural revenue per household is US$15.787. The aggregated figures of land abandoned is 1.5 million hectares, which amounts to 2.5 the land distributed by agrarian reform programs in Colombia. The graph presents the quantile distribution for asset recovery after displacement. We can distinguish 4 groups for asset recovery: the first quartile contains households who had a higher economic status before displacement, faced higher asset losses, were victims with a higher probability of direct attacks from armed groups and are facing the worst conditions in destination municipalities. The second group is similar to the first one, yet victimization is less frequent and employment rates are higher. The third quantile is the most vulnerable group economic status before displacement was extremely slow, less households beneficiaries of income generation programs and a frequent loss of the main breadwinner, high dependency ratios and the highest unemployment. The fourth quantile, the only one with positive recovery of assets, are frequent beneficiaries of income generation programs, have a higher control of assets in hometown, have been settled for longer, access to credits, more membership in formal organizations, mostly headed by males and less unemployment.

10. Describir lo de los cuatro grupos de persoans Describir lo de los cuatro grupos de persoans

11. El conflicto sucede con mayor frecuencia en los muncipios con m�s informalidad en la tenencia de la tierra Income generation programs: opportunities to generate income by providing training, seed capital, microcredits and contacts to have access to better jobs: Participation in formal organizations: support to access assistance programs, contacts to find jobs, assistance during first months of settlement, housing and insurance against shocks. Income generation programs: opportunities to generate income by providing training, seed capital, microcredits and contacts to have access to better jobs: Participation in formal organizations: support to access assistance programs, contacts to find jobs, assistance during first months of settlement, housing and insurance against shocks.

12. �Por qu� en Colombia hay una alta informalidad en la tenencia de la tierra? Titulaci�n de tierras bald�as: La pol�tica de tierras de principios del siglo XX promov�a la apropiaci�n de terrenos bald�os para ampliar la frontera agr�cola. La colonizaci�n de tierras y la legislaci�n de principios de siglos a�n perduran Grupos de pobladores que ocupan terrenos bald�os, no poseen t�tulos de propiedad y est�n localizados en zonas con baja presencia estatal y con una vocaci�n diferente a la agr�cola Incentivos a la informalidad: Prohibici�n reciente de fragmentar la tierra por debajo de una unidad agr�cola familiar Prohibici�n de vender o arrendar las tierras adjudicadas por reforma agraria Procesos de titulaci�n y registro de tierras en Colombia son dispendiosos e implican altos costos de transacci�n para los peque�os propietarios M�s del 10% del valor de la tierra. The data we use was collected by us, Universidad de los Andes, and the Catholic Church. We applied surveys to 2,322 displaced households located in 48 municipalities and 21 departments. In order to evaluate the impact of income generation programs, the sample is composed of two subsamples. A treatment group representative of beneficiaries of income generation programs composed by 769 households. The control group, representative of the Colombian displaced population, is composed by 1553 households. The questionnaire collects information about all stages of the migration process, household characteristics, conditions in destination municipalities and retrospectives questions about conditions in origin municipalities. The data we use was collected by us, Universidad de los Andes, and the Catholic Church. We applied surveys to 2,322 displaced households located in 48 municipalities and 21 departments. In order to evaluate the impact of income generation programs, the sample is composed of two subsamples. A treatment group representative of beneficiaries of income generation programs composed by 769 households. The control group, representative of the Colombian displaced population, is composed by 1553 households. The questionnaire collects information about all stages of the migration process, household characteristics, conditions in destination municipalities and retrospectives questions about conditions in origin municipalities.

13. Pese a lo anterior, el principal mecanismo de asignaci�n de tierras en Colombia es la asignaci�n de bald�os Time of settlement: no impact on asset recovery. Differently than migrants, time is not an ally. Intramunicipal displacement: closeness to hometown is not effective to protect assets or extract rents. Reactive displacement: direct attacks, higher loss of assets, and traumatic events. Time of settlement: no impact on asset recovery. Differently than migrants, time is not an ally. Intramunicipal displacement: closeness to hometown is not effective to protect assets or extract rents. Reactive displacement: direct attacks, higher loss of assets, and traumatic events.

14. Las consecuencias de la usurpaci�n de tierras de la poblaci�n desplazada inflige un alto costo para sus v�ctimas

15. Pero las consecuencias del despojo de tierras no s�lo afecta a la poblaci�n desplazada El total de hect�reas p�rdidas en Colombia como consecuencia del desplazamiento forzoso asciende a 1.7 millones de hect�reas. Esto equivale a 2.8 veces lo que se ha repartido en programas de reforma agraria entre 1993 y 2002. La contrarreforma agraria ha sido m�s efectiva que los programas estatales de reforma agraria La p�rdida agregada de activos y tierras corresponde al 3% del PIB Debido al lucro cesante en la producci�n agropecuaria, se pierde un 3.5% del PIB agr�cola anual The data we use was collected by us, Universidad de los Andes, and the Catholic Church. We applied surveys to 2,322 displaced households located in 48 municipalities and 21 departments. In order to evaluate the impact of income generation programs, the sample is composed of two subsamples. A treatment group representative of beneficiaries of income generation programs composed by 769 households. The control group, representative of the Colombian displaced population, is composed by 1553 households. The questionnaire collects information about all stages of the migration process, household characteristics, conditions in destination municipalities and retrospectives questions about conditions in origin municipalities. The data we use was collected by us, Universidad de los Andes, and the Catholic Church. We applied surveys to 2,322 displaced households located in 48 municipalities and 21 departments. In order to evaluate the impact of income generation programs, the sample is composed of two subsamples. A treatment group representative of beneficiaries of income generation programs composed by 769 households. The control group, representative of the Colombian displaced population, is composed by 1553 households. The questionnaire collects information about all stages of the migration process, household characteristics, conditions in destination municipalities and retrospectives questions about conditions in origin municipalities.

16. Las consecuencias de bienestar para la poblaci�n desplazada son dram�ticas

17. Las condiciones de la poblaci�n desplazada son aun peores que las de la poblaci�n pobre e indigente urbana Las tasas de desempleo son mayores La asistencia escolar y el acceso a servicios p�blicos son bastante menores 94.4% de la poblaci�n pobre est� por debajo de la l�nea de pobreza y 71.6% por debajo de la l�nea de indigencia 42.2% de la poblaci�n indigente es poblaci�n desplazada Y la situaci�n no mejora con el tiempo