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Understanding the Organization of the Body: Cells to Systems

This chapter explores the fundamental organization of the human body, from cells to complex systems. Cells, the basic functional units, group to form tissues, which combine to create organs, each with specific roles and recognizable shapes. These organs work together in systems like the circulatory, digestive, and nervous systems, comprising the body's most complex functions. Highlighting the twelve body systems, including the lymphatic and endocrine systems, this overview elucidates how they collaborate to maintain health and homeostasis in an organism.

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Understanding the Organization of the Body: Cells to Systems

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  1. Medical Terminology List 3 Chapter 2

  2. Organization of the Body

  3. Cells • Basic functional unit of the body

  4. Tissue • Groups of cells • Working together • To perform a specialize function

  5. Organ • Composed to 2 or more different types of tissue • Specific function • Usually recognizable shape

  6. System • Related organs • Common function

  7. Organism • Collection of body systems • Make up the most complex level of life

  8. Body Systems -11 • Circulatory System • Lymphatic (immune) system • Digestive system • Endocrine system • Reproductive system • Muscular system • Skeletal system • Nervous system • Respiratory system • Integumentary system • Urinary system

  9. Acronym for 11 body systems • MURDERS LINCMuscularUrinaryReproductiveDigestiveEndocrineRespiratorySkeletalLymphaticIntegumentaryNervousCirculatory

  10. Circulatory System • Contains • Heart, Arteries; Veins; Capillaries; Blood; Spleen • Function • to deliver oxygenated blood to the body

  11. Lymphatic (Immune) System • Contains • Lymph nodes, white blood cells • Function • to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body

  12. Digestive System • Contains • Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, Intestines • Function • To convert food particles into simpler, molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body

  13. Endocrine System • Contains: Glands • hypothalamus • pituitary gland • thyroid • parathyroid • adrenal glands • pancreas • testes • ovaries

  14. Endocrine System • Function • to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones

  15. Reproductive System • Contains • Female: Ovaries, uterus, vagina • Male: Testis, penis, prostate • Function • Allows for the continuation of the human species

  16. Muscular System • Contains • Muscles • Function • works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement

  17. Skeletal System • Contains • Bones • Femur, humerus, radius and ulna, cranium, fibula and tibia, vertebrae, pelvic bone, phalanges • Function • to provide structure and support to the body

  18. Nervous System • Contains • Brain, spinal cord, nerves • Function • to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment

  19. Respiratory System • Contains • Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm • Function • to provide the body with a oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

  20. Integumentary System • Contains • Skin • Function • protection to the underlying layers • body temperature regulation • nerves that respond to temperature, touch, pressure, and pain

  21. Urinary System • Contains • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra • Function • Remove waste products from the body • Keep fluid and electrolyte levels normal

  22. Body Cavities • Cranial • Thoracic • Abdominal • Pelvic • Spinal • Pleura

  23. Cranial Cavity • Location • Surrounded by the skull, in the head • Contains • Brain, meninges

  24. Thoracic Cavity • Location • Chest area • Surrounded by the ribs • Contains • Lung, heart, trachea

  25. Abdominal Cavity • Location • Below the thoracic cavity and above the pelvic cavity • Contains • Digestive organs • Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, intestines kidney

  26. Pelvic Cavity • Location • Below the abdominal cavity, • Surrounded by the pelvis • Contains • Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum

  27. Spinal Cavity • Location • Space surrounded by the spinal column • Contains • Spinal cord

  28. Pleura Cavity • Location • Pleura surrounds the lungs • Cavity is the space between the pleura and the lungs • Contains • Pleural fluid

  29. Diaphragm • Location • The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity • Contains • Muscle that aids in respiration

  30. Mediastinum • Location • Large space between the lungs • Contains • Heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchi

  31. What cavity is it?

  32. Body Planes • How to cut the body into pieces!

  33. Sagittal • AKA: • Lateral • Vertically divides the body right half and left half. • Midsagittal • Divides the body through the midline

  34. Transverse • AKA • Axial • Horizontally divides the body into superior and inferior portions

  35. Coronal Coronal • AKA • Frontal • Divides the body front to back • Into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions.

  36. Directions • Movements of the body!

  37. Adduction • Movement towards the midline of the body

  38. Abduction • Movement away from the midline of the body

  39. Superior • AKA • Cephalic • Cranial • Above or higher; toward the head

  40. Inferior • AKA • Caudal • Below or lower, toward the tail

  41. Anterior • AKA • Ventral • Front of the body, toward the front

  42. Posterior • AKA • Dorsal • Back of the body; toward the back

  43. Medial • Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline

  44. Lateral • Pertaining to the side; toward the side

  45. External • Outside, exterior to

  46. Internal • Within, interior to

  47. Superficial • Toward or on the surface

  48. Deep • Away from the surface

  49. Proximal • Near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure

  50. Distal • Farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure

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