Web-based Database Development

1. Web-based Database Development IS 465 Min Song

2. Located @ Any PC Located @ Your PC Located @ your server Three-Tier Architecture Microsoft Internet Explorer HTTP Requests HTML Apache Tomcat App Server Java Server Pages (JSPs) JDBC Requests Tuples Oracle/MySQL DB Server

3. Data Entry Forms

4. JavaDatabase Connectivity (JDBC)

5. Instruction for Building Web-based Database in Java • Tomcat 6.0 or above • http://tomcat.apache.org/download-60.cgi • From the above download site, choose Binary Distribution -> Core -> Zip • Unzip the package to C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 6.0\webapps • Start Tomcat by executing tomcat6w in C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 6.0\bin • Open the internet browser and type http://localhost:8080/. If you see the tomcat on the upper left corner, you are successful so far.

6. Download mysql server at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.1.html and install it onto your computer • Download a sample DB from my home page • Create a database in mysql as follows:

7. Shell > mysql –u root –p • mysql> CREATE DATABASE world; • mysql> USE world; • mysql> SOURCE world.sql; • mysql> SHOW TABLES;

8. Go to the following url: http://localhost/world_db/index.jsp • Note: You need to modify configuration files and properties file such as sqldb.xml and build.properties

9. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA package edu.njit.is465; import java.sql.Connection; // Java’s interface to SQL import java.sql.DriverManager; // Loads the appropriate SQL driver import java.sql.SQLException; // Handles errors from the database import java.util.Properties; // Configuration file to load the //db.properties file import java.util.logging.Level; // Logs information import java.util.logging.Logger; // Logs information /** * Base class for those that use a database connection * * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */ public abstract class DatabaseConnection { protected final Logger logger; protected Connection connect = null;

10. JDBC import java.sql.*;   class JdbcTest { public static void main (String args []) throws SQLException { // Load Oracle driver DriverManager.registerDriver (new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver()); // Connect to the local database Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:oracle:thin:@myhost:1521:ORCL","scott", "tiger");

11. // Query the student names Statement stmt = conn.createStatement (); ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery ("SELECT name FROM Student"); // Print the name out //name is the 2nd attribute of Student while (rset.next ()) System.out.println (rset.getString (2));  //close the result set, statement, and the connection rset.close(); stmt.close(); conn.close();

12. PreparedStatement Object If you want to execute a Statement object many times, it will normally reduce execution time to use a PreparedStatement object instead. PreparedStatement updateStud = conn.prepareStatement( "UPDATE Student SET name = ? WHERE lastname LIKE ?"); updateStud.setString(1, “John”); updateStud.setString(2, “Smith”); updateStud.executeUpdate();

13. PreparedStatement Object the following two code fragments accomplish the same thing: • Code Fragment 1: String updateString = "UPDATE COFFEES SET SALES = 75 " + "WHERE COF_NAME LIKE 'Colombian'"; stmt.executeUpdate(updateString); • Code Fragment 2: PreparedStatement updateSales = con.prepareStatement( "UPDATE COFFEES SET SALES = ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ? "); updateSales.setInt(1, 75); updateSales.setString(2, "Colombian"); updateSales.executeUpdate():

14.  int getInt(int columnIndex)           Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current row of this ResultSet object as an int in the Java programming language. •  int getInt(String columnName) •  String getString(int columnIndex) •  String getString(String columnName)

15. Using Transactions When a connection is created, it is in auto-commit mode. This means that each individual SQL statement is treated as a transaction and will be automatically committed right after it is executed. conn.setAutoCommit(false); .... transaction ... con.commit(); con.setAutoCommit(true);

16. Using Transactions example con.setAutoCommit(false); PreparedStatement updateSales = con.prepareStatement( "UPDATE COFFEES SET SALES = ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ?"); updateSales.setInt(1, 50); updateSales.setString(2, "Colombian"); updateSales.executeUpdate(); PreparedStatement updateTotal = con.prepareStatement( "UPDATE COFFEES SET TOTAL = TOTAL + ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ?"); updateTotal.setInt(1, 50); updateTotal.setString(2, "Colombian"); updateTotal.executeUpdate(); con.commit(); con.setAutoCommit(true);

17. Retrieving ExceptionsJDBC lets you see the warnings and exceptions generated by your DBMS and by the Java compiler. To see exceptions, you can have a catch block print them out. For example, the following two catch blocks from the sample code print out a message explaining the exception:try { // Code that could generate an exception goes here. // If an exception is generated, the catch block below // will print out information about it. } catch(SQLException ex) { System.err.println("SQLException: " + ex.getMessage()); }

18. JSP Syntax • Comment • <%-- Comment --%> • Expression • <%= java expression %> • Scriplet • <% java code fragment %> • Include • <jsp:include page="relativeURL" />

19. Entry Form - First Attempt

20. Entry Form - First Attempt Menu HTML Code <b>Data Entry Menu</b> <ul> <li> <a href="courses.jsp">Courses<a> </li> <li> <a href="classes.jsp">Classes<a> </li> <li> <a href="students.jsp">Students<a> </li> </ul>

21. Entry Form - First Attempt JSP Code <html> <body> <table> <tr> <td> <jsp:include page="menu.html" /> </td> <td> Open connection code Statement code Presentation code Close connection code </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>

22. Entry Form - First Attempt Open Connectivity Code <%-- Set the scripting language to java and --%> <%-- import the java.sql package --%> <%@ page language="java" import="java.sql.*" %> <% try { // Load Oracle Driver class file DriverManager.registerDriver (new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver()); // Make a connection to the Oracle datasource Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:oracle:thin:@feast.ucsd.edu:1521:source", “user", “pass"); %>

23. Entry Form - First Attempt Statement Code <% // Create the statement Statement statement = conn.createStatement(); // Use the statement to SELECT the student attributes // FROM the Student table. ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery ("SELECT * FROM Student"); %>

24. Entry Form - First Attempt Presentation Code <table> <tr> <th>SSN</th> <th>First</th> <th>Last</th> <th>College</th> </tr> <% // Iterate over the ResultSet while ( rs.next() ) { %> Iteration Code <% } %> </table>

25. Entry Form - First Attempt

26. Entry Form - First Attempt Iteration Code <tr> <%-- Get the SSN, which is a number --%> <td><%= rs.getInt("SSN") %></td> <%-- Get the ID --%> <td><%= rs.getString("ID") %></td> <%-- Get the FIRSTNAME --%> <td><%= rs.getString("FIRSTNAME") %></td> <%-- Get the LASTNAME --%> <td><%= rs.getString("LASTNAME") %></td> <%-- Get the COLLEGE --%> <td><%= rs.getString("COLLEGE") %></td> </tr>

27. Entry Form - First Attempt Close Connectivity Code <% // Close the ResultSet rs.close(); // Close the Statement statement.close(); // Close the Connection conn.close(); } catch (SQLException sqle) { out.println(sqle.getMessage()); } catch (Exception e) { out.println(e.getMessage()); } %>

28. Entry Form - Second Attempt

29. Entry Form - Second Attempt JSP Code <html> <body> <table> <tr> <td> Open connection code Insertion Code Statement code Presentation code Close connection code </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>

30. Entry Form - Second Attempt Insertion Code // Check if an insertion is requested String action = request.getParameter("action"); if (action != null && action.equals("insert")) { conn.setAutoCommit(false); // Create the prepared statement and use it to // INSERT the student attrs INTO the Student table. PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement( ("INSERT INTO Student VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)")); pstmt.setInt(1,Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("SSN"))); pstmt.setString(2, request.getParameter("ID")); … pstmt.executeUpdate(); conn.commit(); conn.setAutoCommit(true); }

31. Entry Form - Second Attempt Presentation Code <table> <tr> <th>SSN</th> <th>First</th> <th>Last</th> <th>College</th> </tr> Insert Form Code <% // Iterate over the ResultSet while ( rs.next() ) { %> Iteration Code <% } %> </table>

32. Entry Form - Second Attempt Insert Form Code <tr> <form action="students.jsp" method="get"> <input type="hidden" value="insert" name="action"> <th><input value="" name="SSN" size="10"></th> <th><input value="" name="ID" size="10"></th> <th><input value="" name="FIRSTNAME" size="15"></th> <th><input value="" name="LASTNAME" size="15"></th> <th><input value="" name="COLLEGE" size="15"></th> <th><input type="submit" value="Insert"></th> </form> </tr>

33. Entry Form - Third Attempt

34. Entry Form - Third Attempt JSP Code <html> <body> <table> <tr> <td> Open connection code Insertion Code Update Code Delete Code Statement code Presentation code Close connection code </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>

35. Entry Form - Third Attempt Update Code // Check if an update is requested if (action != null && action.equals("update")) { conn.setAutoCommit(false); // Create the prepared statement and use it to // UPDATE the student attributes in the Student table. PreparedStatement pstatement = conn.prepareStatement( "UPDATE Student SET ID = ?, FIRSTNAME = ?, " + "LASTNAME = ?, COLLEGE = ? WHERE SSN = ?"); pstatement.setString(1, request.getParameter("ID")); pstatement.setString(2, request.getParameter("FIRSTNAME")); … int rowCount = pstatement.executeUpdate(); conn.setAutoCommit(false); conn.setAutoCommit(true); }

36. Entry Form - Third Attempt Delete Code // Check if a delete is requested if (action != null && action.equals("delete")) { conn.setAutoCommit(false); // Create the prepared statement and use it to // DELETE the student FROM the Student table. PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement( "DELETE FROM Student WHERE SSN = ?"); pstmt.setInt(1, Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("SSN"))); int rowCount = pstmt.executeUpdate(); conn.setAutoCommit(false); conn.setAutoCommit(true); }

37. Entry Form - Third Attempt Presentation Code <table> <tr> <th>SSN</th> <th>First</th> <th>Last</th> <th>College</th> </tr> Insert Form Code <% // Iterate over the ResultSet while ( rs.next() ) { %> Iteration Code <% } %> </table>

38. Entry Form - Third Attempt Iteration Code <tr> <form action="students.jsp" method="get"> <input type="hidden" value="update" name="action"> <td><input value="<%= rs.getInt("SSN") %>" name="SSN"></td> <td><input value="<%= rs.getString("ID") %>" name="ID"></td> … <td><input type="submit" value="Update"></td> </form> <form action="students2.jsp" method="get"> <input type="hidden" value="delete" name="action"> <input type="hidden" value="<%= rs.getInt("SSN") %>" name="SSN"> <td><input type="submit" value="Delete"></td> </form> </tr>

39. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA public DatabaseConnection() throws Exception { logger = Logger.getLogger(this.getClass().getName()); Properties props = new Properties(); try { props.load(getClass().getResourceAsStream("db.properties")); final String driver = props.getProperty("driver"); final String url = props.getProperty("url"); final String user = props.getProperty("user"); final String pass = props.getProperty("pass"); Class.forName(driver).newInstance(); connect = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, pass); } catch (Exception ex) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to create database connection", ex); throw new Exception("Unable to create database connection", ex); } }

40. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA Driver specifies which backend database system to use In this case, we need a mySQL driver since the database is mySQL The URL specifies the location of the database as well as which database within mySQL to use db.properties file driver = com.mysql.jdbc.Driver url = jdbc:mysql://landsend.cs.drexel.edu/scheduler user = jsalvage pass = dbwiz

41. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA When an object goes out of scope it is important to close the connection. protected void finalize() { if (connect != null) { try { connect.close(); connect = null; } catch (SQLException ex) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to close database connection", ex); } } } }

42. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA /* * DatabaseCourseManager.java * */ package edu.njit.is465; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; //Executes a SQL statement import java.sql.ResultSet; //Stores the rows returned from the query import java.sql.SQLException;//Handles errors import java.util.ArrayList;//Dynamic structure import java.util.List;//Interface to an ArrayList import java.util.logging.Level; Used to log errors /** * Database backed course manager * * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */ public class DatabaseCourseManager extends DatabaseConnection implements CourseManager {

43. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA ADDING A RECORD TO THE DATABASE Example: AddCourse A course contains: Department Name Department Number Number of Credits Name Description Therefore, the insert statement will contain five values. In it’s most basic form, a SQL INSERT statement has the following syntax: INSERT INTO TableName VALUES (list of values) This form of SQL INSERT requires the knowledge of the order of the fields in the table. The SQL table was created in the order the fields are listed above. Therefore, we can perform a SQL insert by listing the values in their proper place. Java allows this to be done without a lot of fancy string manipulation if you use the PreparedStatement object. Observe the following code which associates each value to be inserted with the proper question mark. One huge benefit to using the PreparedStatement instead of building the string manually, is it handles any special characters that would need to be escaped. i.e. double quote. In addition, it will prevent SQL code from inadvertently being executed, but that is an advanced topic.

44. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA /* * @see edu.njit.is465.CourseManager#addCourse(edu.njit.is465.Course) */ public void addCourse(final Course course) throws SchedulerException { try { final PreparedStatement stm = connect.prepareStatement( "INSERT INTO Course VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"); stm.setString(1, course.getDepartment()); stm.setInt(2, course.getNumber()); stm.setInt(3, course.getCredits()); stm.setString(4, course.getName()); stm.setString(5, course.getDescription()); int n = stm.executeUpdate(); stm.close(); if (n != 1) throw new SchedulerException("Unable to add course"); } catch (SQLException ex) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "addStudent", ex); throw new SchedulerException("Unable to add course", ex); } } Executing the SQL command is simply a matter of calling the executeUpdate method of the PreparedStatement object.

45. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA RETRIEVING RECORDS FROM A DATABASE Example: getAllCourses We need to select data from the database and return it into a structure Java can understand. In it’s most basic form, a SQL SELECT statement has the following syntax: SELECT * FROM TableName ORDER BY ListOfFields The ORDER BY clause is optional, but will allow the results to be sorted by the fields we list after the keywords ORDER BY. Again we will use the PreparedStatement to hold the SQL command. The results of the query will be stored in a ResultSet object and then each record will be added to our courses object.

46. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA /* * @see edu.njit.is465.CourseManager#getAllCourses() */ public Course[] getAllCourses() { try { final PreparedStatement stm = connect.prepareStatement( "SELECT * FROM Course ORDER BY dept, num"); final ResultSet result = stm.executeQuery(); final List<Course> courses = new ArrayList<Course>(); while (result.next()) courses.add(toCourse(result)); result.close(); stm.close(); return courses.toArray(new Course[0]); } catch (SQLException ex) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "getAllCourses", ex); return new Course[0]; } }

47. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA RETRIEVING RECORDS FROM A DATABASE WITH A CONDITION Example: getCourse We need to add a selection criteria to our SQL statement so only a specific of courses is returned. In it’s most complex form, a SQL SELECT statement has the following syntax: SELECT * FROM TableName WHERE Field1 = value1 and Field2 = value2 The WHERE clause is optional, and allows the results to filtered based upon the selection criteria you list. Again we will use the PreparedStatement to hold the SQL command. The results of the query will be stored in a ResultSet object and the single record will be added to our course object.

48. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA /* * @see edu.njit.is465.CourseManager#getCourse(java.lang.String, int) */ public Course getCourse(final String dept, int num) { Course course = null; try { final PreparedStatement stm = connect.prepareStatement( "SELECT * FROM Course WHERE dept = ? AND num = ?"); stm.setString(1, dept); stm.setInt(2, num); final ResultSet result = stm.executeQuery(); if (result.next()) course = toCourse(result); result.close(); stm.close(); } catch (SQLException ex) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "getCourse", ex); } return course; }

49. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA /* * @see edu.njit.465.CourseManager#removeCourse(java.lang.String, int) */ public void removeCourse(final String dept, int num) throws SchedulerException { try { final PreparedStatement stm = connect.prepareStatement( "DELETE FROM Course WHERE dept = ? AND num = ?"); stm.setString(1, dept); stm.setInt(2, num); stm.executeUpdate(); stm.close(); } catch (SQLException ex) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "removeCourse", ex); throw new SchedulerException(ex); } }

50. Data Base Connectivity From JAVA /* * @see edu.njit.is465.CourseManager#updateCourse(edu.njit.is465.Course) */ public void updateCourse(final Course course) throws SchedulerException { try { final PreparedStatement stm = connect.prepareStatement( "UPDATE Course SET credits = ?, name = ?, description = ?" + " WHERE dept = ? AND name = ?"); stm.setInt(1, course.getCredits()); stm.setString(2, course.getName()); stm.setString(3, course.getDescription()); stm.setString(4, course.getDepartment()); stm.setInt(5, course.getNumber()); stm.executeUpdate(); stm.close(); } catch (SQLException ex) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "updateCourse", ex); throw new SchedulerException(ex); } } private Course toCourse(final ResultSet result) throws SQLException { final String dept = result.getString("dept"); final int num = result.getInt("num"); final Course course = new Course(dept, num); course.setCredits(result.getInt("credits")); course.setName(result.getString("name")); course.setDescription(result.getString("description")); return course; } }