Merchandise Purchasing SMS Varanasi

1. Merchandise PurchasingSMS Varanasi

2. Merchandise Purchasing 2 Objectives of the session Branding Strategies Global Sourcing Decisions The Merchandise Purchasing and Handling Process Ethical and Legal Issues in Purchasing Merchandise

3. Merchandise Purchasing 3 Merchandise Purchasing All the activities that are required for establishing a successful relationship with various vendors Once the merchandise has been purchased, it should be brought safely into the store and placed on the shelves for sale. Merchandise handling Getting the merchandise physically into the store and taking care of it till it is sold As the same vendor may supply the merchandise to a retailer over a period of time, a relationship is bound to develop between the vendor and the retailer More number of transactions between retailers and various vendors across the globe, more number of legal and ethical issues

4. Merchandise Purchasing 4 Branding Strategies An optimum mix of manufacturers' brands and private brands to be offered at the store Manufacturers' brands These brands are produced and controlled by the manufacturer Licensed brands Private brands In-store brands, are products that are produced and marketed by retailers

5. Merchandise Purchasing 5 Private Label Brands Factors - enable major manufacturers' brands to dominate the market and keep other new entrants at bay The major manufacturers have developed high entry barriers through their strong distribution channels Older brand names have better brand recall than the newer ones. It is difficult for new entrants to build such strong brands because of the fragmented media and cost involved The removal of high import duties made Indian consumers aware of the quality of imported goods. As a result, they expect higher value from Indian retailers

6. Merchandise Purchasing 6 Private Label Brands The popularity of private labels is significantly low for the following reasons Retailers are not able to advertise as aggressively as manufacturers. Retailers are not able to achieve economies of scale in designing and manufacturing (unlike manufacturers) Retailers lack technical sophistication Consumers regard private label brands as inferior to manufacturers� brands

7. Merchandise Purchasing 7 Reasons for Launching Private Labels The consumer does not see any tangible value in some of the manufacturers' brands offered by the store The retailer does not earn good margins through the sale of national brands Of all the purchase orders placed, the vendors fulfill only 60 to 65 percent of the orders

8. Merchandise Purchasing 8 Global Sourcing Decisions Bags, shoes, caps, cordless telephones and similar goods that are sold in the US are sourced mostly from China or South East Asian Countries like Philippines, Taiwan, Bangladesh. A retailer should be careful while taking global sourcing decisions as the customers judge the quality of an imported product on the basis of the country of origin. Japan is known for producing electronic goods, certain countries are well known for manufacturing certain products Brazil is known for coffee, and France is known for wines Factors Country-of-origin effect Foreign exchange fluctuations Tariffs Free trading zones Inventory carrying costs Transportation costs

9. Merchandise Purchasing 9 Tariffs/Duty A list of taxes charged by the government on imports General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was first signed in 1947. GATT was an international forum that encouraged free trade between member countries by regulating and lowering tariffs on traded goods. It also served as a mechanism for resolving trade disputes. In January 1995, GATT evolved into the World Trade Organization. The WTO monitors and arbitrates GATT agreements and supports all negotiations

10. Merchandise Purchasing 10 Managerial Issues in Global Sourcing Decisions Quality control Strategic alliances

11. Merchandise Purchasing 11 Merchandise Purchasing Process Identify the local sources of supply Contact and evaluate the different sources of supply Negotiate and purchase from the best sources of supply

12. Merchandise Purchasing 12 Identifying the local sources of supply Raw resource producers Manufacturers Intermediaries Resident purchasing offices

13. Merchandise Purchasing 13 Types of Wholesale Intermediaries

14. Merchandise Purchasing 14 Types of Wholesale Intermediaries

15. Merchandise Purchasing 15 Contacting the sources of supply Supplier-initiated contacts Retailer initiated contacts

16. Merchandise Purchasing 16 Evaluating the sources of supply Evaluation of Source of Supply Evaluation criteria Merchandise Distribution Price Promotion Service Warranty and repairs Exchange facilities Finance and credit services Training of sales personnel Accounting services Planning and controlling inventory Designing store facilities Providing display units, fixtures and signs

17. Merchandise Purchasing 17 Criteria used for evaluating the vendors

18. Merchandise Purchasing 18 Methods of Evaluation Weighted rating method Decision matrix approach Selecting the criteria Weighing the criteria Selecting the vendor Rating the vendor Weighted rating

19. Merchandise Purchasing 19 Negotiating with sources of supply Price negotiations Final Price = List Price - negotiated discounts and allowances A trade discount A simple method for changing prices to meet changing market conditions. Mentioning the price on the invoice and then quoting a series ofdiscounts A quantity discount Cash discounts Some important terms NET Free on Board Free Alongside Ship Cost, Insurance and Freight Cash on Delivery

20. Merchandise Purchasing 20 Purchasing from Sources of Supply Purchasing Strategies Concentrated strategy Dispersed strategy Purchasing Methods Regular Consignment Memorandum Approval and Specification purchasing

21. Merchandise Purchasing 21 Merchandise Handling The physical handling of the merchandise by the retailer Receiving and stocking merchandise Pricing and marking inventory Setting up displays Determining on-floor quantities and assortments Completing customer transactions Providing delivery and pickup of goods (for customers) Processing goods that are damaged Processing returns and exchanges Monitoring pilferage and merchandise control

22. Merchandise Purchasing 22 Re-ordering Merchandise Merchandise controlling Process for evaluating revenues, profits, turnover, shortage of inventory, seasonal fluctuations and costs for each product in the merchandise category being offered by the retailer An effective reordering plan - critical factors Order and delivery time Inventory turnover Financial implications, and Inventory versus ordering costs Regular re-evaluation

23. Merchandise Purchasing 23 Ethical and Legal Issues in Merchandise Purchasing Retailer's perspective Slotting allowances and Commercial bribery Vendor's perspective Exclusive territories Exclusive dealing agreements Tying contracts Refusal to deal, and Dual distribution

24. Merchandise Purchasing 24 Summary of the Chapter Branding Strategies Global Sourcing Decisions The Merchandise Purchasing and Handling Process Ethical and Legal Issues in Purchasing Merchandise