CHAPTER 13 Reconstruction and the New South

1. CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New South Section 1 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION

3. A. Old South Destroyed • Mass destruction on the South, many buildings in ruins • Southern economy – • Tens of thousands of Confederate veterans looking for jobs and • 4 million freed slaves were jobless and homeless • “40 acres and a mule”

5. B. Lincoln and Reconstruction • What was Reconstruction? • Plan to rebuild the former Confederate states and reunite the nation • Beginning of Reconstruction • Amnesty – Full pardon for a crime • Lincoln would give amnesty to almost all southerners who would swear allegiance to U.S. • 10-Percent Plan (Lincoln’s Plan) – Would allow states to rejoin the Union when 10 percent of its residents swore loyalty to U.S. • Said nothing about African American rights except for outlawing slavery

6. B. Lincoln and Reconstruction • Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864) – • Congress’ response to 10-Percent Plan • States readmitted when a majority of white males in each state took loyalty oath • Called for Confederate states to abolish slavery • States to form new governments after readmitted • Vetoed by Lincoln – Why? • “With malice toward none, with charity for all… let us strive on… to bind up the nation’s wounds… to do all which may achieve… a just and lasting peace.” –Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address – March 4, 1865

7. B. Lincoln and Reconstruction • Lincoln’s assassination • John Wilkes Booth • April 14, 1865 • Watching British play “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theatre • Died the next morning • Conspiracy – Johnson, Seward and Stanton also targeted • Booth killed two weeks later • Country mourns Lincoln’s death • Why did Booth do it? Reaction?

11. C. Johnson and Reconstruction • The New President – Andrew Johnson – • Democrat, former slaveholder and senator from Tennessee • Thought he would appeal to North and South • Immediately proved unpopular – racist, wouldn’t compromise • May 1865 – Johnson gives complete pardon to almost all former Confederates • Would leave out more ex-Rebels than Lincoln

12. C. Johnson and Reconstruction • Johnson’s readmission plan – much more lenient than people were expecting • Each state had to nullify its acts of secession • Refuse to pay Confederate government debts • States had to abolish slavery • No punishment, few restrictions • Confederate leaders take charge in the South • New state constitutions continued to discriminate against blacks • 13th Amendment (Jan. 1865) –

14. CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New South Section 2 CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

16. A. Moderates vs. Radicals • Moderates (most Republicans) • Wanted to reunite the Union • Keep former Confederates out of government • Favored giving African Americans some rights but not the right to vote • Radical Republicans • Wanted to punish the South for the Civil War • Give African Americans equal rights, including the right to vote • Also wanted to give land to former slaves • Frederick Douglass –

17. B. Congress vs. Johnson • Race Riots –Memphis and New Orleans • Furthered highlighted the divide between whites and blacks • Moderates and Radical Republicans to join forces after • Freedmen’s Bureau • Created to aid the millions of former slaves left homeless and hungry by the war • Gave out food and clothing, served as an employment agency, set up hospitals and ran schools • Originally approved for one year, Johnson vetoed the extension saying “it was never intended that the Freedmen should be fed, clothed, educated and sheltered by the United States” • Veto was overridden by Congress

20. C. Congress vs. Johnson • Civil Rights Act of 1866 (1st Civil Rights law) • Said everyone born in the U.S. was a citizen with full civil rights • Did not guarantee voting rights • Vetoed by Johnson, but overridden by Congress

21. C. Congress vs. Johnson • 14th Amendment (June 1866) • Required states to give equal citizenship to African Americans and all people “born or naturalized in the United States” • Denied states the right to deprive anyone of “life, liberty or property without due process of the law” • Promised all citizens “equal protection of the laws”

22. D. Radicals Come to Power • Election of 1866 and Reconstruction Acts • Johnson called Radicals traitors • People voted overwhelmingly Republican • Radicals took control of Reconstruction • Reconstruction Acts of 1867 – • Ex-Confederate officials and army officers couldn’t vote • States couldn’t be readmitted until the 14th Amendment was ratified and showed that African Americans had the right to vote • Blacks right to vote, 14th and 15th Amendments • Divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, new state Constitutions approved by Congress

24. E. Presidential Impeachment • Relationship btw Johnson and Congress bad • Tenure of Office Act (1867) – • Required Senate OK before President could fire a Cabinet member • February 1868 – Johnson fires Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without Senate approval • House impeaches Johnson • Charged with violating the Tenure of Office Act, making “scandalous” speeches and bringing Congress into “disgrace” • Result – Johnson acquitted by only one vote despite weak case (35-19 in favor of conviction)

27. Key: Red= both senators voting to acquit; Orange= senators split 1-1; Yellow= both senators voting to convict; Gray = unrepresented in the Senate in 1868; White = states were not yet admitted.

29. F. More Issues • Radical Republicans too radical • Election of 1868 • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (R) vs. N.Y. Gov. Horatio Seymour (D) • Result – Grant beats Seymour in popular vote, 214-80 in electoral vote • 15th Amendment • What did it say? • Citizens could not be denied right to vote • “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude” • What groups were not included?

31. CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New South Section 3 RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH

32. A. African American Activism • After the passage of Congressional Reconstruction, African Americans hoped for further equality • Politics • African American delegates made up the largest percentage of Republicans in the South • Hiram Revels – elected to U.S. Senate in Mississippi to fill Jefferson Davis’ seat, first African American • More than 600 African Americans elected to state legislatures, 16 to Congress

34. B. Reconstruction Govt. • Carpetbaggers – insult given to northern Republicans who moved to the South • Scalawags – insult given to southern whites who supported the Union during the Civil War and now supported Reconstruction • Republican alliance – supporters of Reconstruction who wanted to take control from rich planters and rebuild the South • What do you think was the bigger insult? Carpetbagger or scalawag?

36. C. Ku Klux Klan • Greek for “Circle” and Scots-Gaelic “Brothers” • Secret group formed to prevent African Americans from voting • Nathan Bedford Forrest – “Grand Wizard” • Klan tactics – murder, assault, harassment, burning houses, churches, schools, stealing cattle • Forrest resigns in 1869 after KKK gets too violent

37. C. Ku Klux Klan • Steps against the Klan • African Americans started standing up to Klansmen and even burned their barns • Enforcement Acts (1870-71) – empowered the federal government to combat terrorism with military force and to prosecute guilty individuals • Democrats called them the Force Acts and said they threatened individual freedom • Overall result

39. D. Violence - lynching • Illegal seizure and execution of a suspected troublemaker or criminal • Often the victims were just someone who was in the wrong place at the wrong time

40. D. Lynchings • Public and sadistic murders • 1882-1968 – 4,730 • 3,440 Black men and women • Intimidation – keep freedmen “in their place”

42. E. Reconstruction Changes • Government involvement led to a decline in KKK violence • Panic of 1873 – severe depression • Panic means the end of the Republican Alliance • Thousands of immigrants joined the Democratic party • Civil Rights Act of 1875 – made it illegal for businesses that served the public such as hotel and trains to discriminate against African Americans • Redeemers – Democratic supporters of white-controlled government, used violent tactics

43. E. Reconstruction Changes • Election of 1876 • Samuel Tilden (D-NY) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (R-OH) • Result – • Tilden beat Hayes by 250,000 in popular vote • Results in four states were disputed (3 were Southern states with split governments) • A commission gave the election to Hayes by one electoral vote • Compromise of 1877 – • Democrats accepted Hayes as President in return for Republicans agreeing to pull remaining troops out of South • Redeemers finished off their takeover of Southern government

46. CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New South Section 4 THE NEW SOUTH

47. A. Changing Economies • Sharecropping • Planters faced labor shortages, former slaves needed jobs • What was sharecropping? • System where a farmer worked a section of land in return for a share of the crop, shelter and tools • Problem for sharecroppers – No income during the year until harvest time, keeps them in a cycle of debt • Effect of sharecropping – No way out of poverty for sharecroppers, merchants turn huge profit

50. A. Changing Economies • Industrial Growth • New South – belief that the South should manufacture its own goods to get out of poverty • Projects – • Build factories, ironworks, textile mills and other businesses • Railroads were rebuilt and integrated with the North • Effects – • Factory owners and investors were the only ones to benefit • Industrial workers worked for lower wages than those in North and were almost all white • Some workers were stuck in same cycle of debt as sharecroppers