WHAP AP Review

1. WHAP AP Review 600 C.E. to 1450 Chapters 13-22

2. The Big Picture • What makes a nation? Empire? Should we look at shared culture or geographical boundaries? • Change: trade, migration, invasion, internal developments • Compare: trade and economic systems • How does the environment impact human decision making?

3. Islam • Monotheistic, like Judaism and Christianity • Muslims, Allah, Muhammad, Qu’ran • Five Pillars of Islam • Caliphates: theocracy in the early years, Sunni vs. Shia • Ummayad: Capital in Damascus, Arabic official language, gold and silver coins, tax for nonbelievers, growth, spread to Spain • Abbasid: replaced Ummayad around 750, capital at Baghdad, trade, algebra, libraries • Sufis=mystics, missionaries • Women: (as shown in the Qu’ran) considered equal before Allah, subservient to men, infanticide forbidden, women could have influence outside of home, men could have 4 wives, adopted veiling • Decline of Caliphates: internal rivalries, Mongol invasions

4. Byzantine Empire • Centralized---theme system • Eastern part of old Roman Empire • Christianity split too in 1054 (the Great Schism): Roman Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity • Spoke Greek, unique domes, coined money, mosaics • Rulers had absolute authority, Caesaropapism • Justinian: Justinian Code, Hagia Sophia • Effect on Russia: St. Cyril---converted Slavic peoples, created Slavic alphabet and translated Bible, Russian princes converted

5. Western Europe • After Western Roman Empire fell, Europe was broken into separate kingdoms. • Franks: Germanic tribe, under King Clovis, converted to Catholicism, capital at Paris, created a common culture • Charles Martel: defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours, founded Carolingian Dynasty • Pepin: succession certified by the pope • Charlemagne: Charles the Great, Holy Roman Empire, art and education, religion, feudalism, empire divided amongst his grandsons in Treaty of Verdun in 843 • Vikings and Magyars: Scandinavia/Hungary, raided Europe, in France called Normans, over time stopped attacking and settled, converted to Christianity

6. Feudalism • Social, economic and political system of the Middle Ages in Europe • King had power over a kingdom, nobles (lords) gave military service in exchange for land, lords split up land and gave it to vassals (this could continue many times), peasants worked the land, serfs tied to the land. Everyone had obligations. • Land was called fiefs, later manors. Self-sufficient, three-field system • Code of Chivalry • Women: had no power, admired for beauty and compassion, Primogeniture

7. High Middle Ages • Increase of trade • More merchants, middle-class emerges • Towns grow form alliances for trade like Hanseatic League • Architecture=Gothic cathedrals • Crusades: contact with Muslim world, went to reclaim Holy Land, failure • Scholasticism: faith and reason together, Thomas Aquinas, universities for men---not women • Movement against heretics, Jews----Inquisition • Bubonic Plague/Black Death

8. Nation-States • Nationalism • Kingdoms went away and nations/countries formed---language (French, English) • England: William the Conqueror, Magna Carta, Parliament with two houses • France: Capetians, Bourbons • Hundred Years’ War: between France and England over land, Joan of Arc • Spain: Queen Isabella married Ferdinand uniting two major kingdoms, non-Christians forced to convert to Christianity or leave

9. Russia • For a time fell under Mongol rule, had to pay tribute • Moscow princes started to gain power • Ivan III declared himself czar • Moscow=the Third Rome • Ivan the Terrible centralized power over Russia using secret police, tyranny • Nationalism

10. China • Tang: 618, poetry, tribute system • Song: 960, encyclopedias and histories, printing, fell to Mongols who establish Yuan dynasty in 1279 • Both Tang and Song had bureaucracy based on merit, civil service exams, Grand Canal, communication network, paper money, gunpowder, compass, fast-ripening rice • Women: Wu Zhao--only empress, foot-binding • Religion: Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians, Islam, Daoism, and Confucianism but Buddhism had most impact (Neo-Confucianism) • Ming: 1368

11. Japan • Isolated • Yamato: first ruling family • Shinto religion: the way of the gods, kami---nature and all of the forces of nature • Buddhist missionaries sent to Japan from China • Education not as important as birth • Fujiwara: golden age especially in literature • Feudalism: Shogun=chief general, daimyo=lords/nobles, samurai=like knights, Code of Bushido (like code of chivalry), women not held in high esteem • How is Japanese feudalism similar to or different from feudalism in Europe?

12. Vietnam and Korea • Korea became a vassal state of Tang (China) • Tribute, gift-giving • Schools and imperial court organized like Chinese • No bureaucracy based on merit • Confucianism and Chan Buddhism to Korea • Viet people resisted tributary relationship • Confucian education accepted • Active trade • Vietnamese maintained local traditions and actively revolted against Tang

13. India • Birthplace of two major religions---Hinduism and Buddhism. Now Islam comes in. • Muslims invaded and set up in Delhi under a sultan=Delhi Sultanate • Hindu temples sometimes destroyed depending on sultan. • Compare Hinduism and Islam? Where do these differences take them? Think Gandhi, Jinnah and partition of India in 1947. • Colleges, irrigation systems improved, mosques

14. Mongols • Nomadic, horsemen, archers, conquerors • Genghis (Chingiss) Khan: unified the Mongol tribes and started expansion • Hordes/small empires over China, central Asia, India, Persia • Controlled the Silk Roads, safe • No “culture”, no “Golden Age”---How does that compare to other civilizations?

15. Africa • Swahili Coast: Bantu-speaking people, coasters/traders, east coast, traded with Muslims, stone mosques, converted to Islam • Ghana, Mali and Songhai: west Africa, sub-Saharan, caravans across Sahara for salt at first, gold(!) • Islam: at first, fought against it, Mansa Musa made pilgrimage to Mecca • Arts: oral literature, bronze sculptures

16. Americas: Aztecs • Also known as Mexica • Central Mexico • Tenochtitlan was capital • Expansionist policy and professional army • Warriors were elite in social structure • Huge empire, but conquered areas governed themselves • Roads • Women: ran household, could inherit property, weavers • Human sacrifices, bloodletting

17. Americas: Incas • Andes Mountains of Peru • Professional army • Bureaucracy • Roads and tunnels • No large animals, so human labor • Capital at Cuzco • Women: work fields, weave cloth, care for household, pass property to daughters, play a role in religion • Polytheistic: sun god, human sacrifice, morals, mummification • Machu Picchu • No writing but quipu

18. Trade Networks • Mediterranean trade between western Europe, Byzantine Empire, and Islamic Empire • Hanseatic League: city-states on Baltic and North Sea • Silk Road: porcelain, paper, military technologies, religions, food • Indian Ocean: had to understand monsoons • Land routes of the Mongols • China and Japan • India and Persia • Trans-Saharan trade between West Africa and Islamic Empire • Lines of Credit, Checks • Disease=Bubonic Plague/Black Death

19. Expansion of Religion and Empire • Mongol expansion into Russia, Persia, India & China • Germanic tribes into southern Europe & England • Vikings’ expansion from Scandinavia into England and western Europe • Magyars’ push from eastern Europe into western Europe • Islamic Empire’s push into Spain, India, & Africa • The Crusades: 1096, to reclaim Holy Land, failure but with an impact • Buddhist missionaries to Japan • Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe

20. Other Reasons to Be On the Move • Populations grew • Urbanization: people moved from countryside to cities for more opportunities • Cities: places where people wanted to be, new capitals established • Pilgrimages

21. Technology and Innovations • See handout

22. Role of Women • Like before, restrictions on women’s freedoms depended on their socio-economic class • We see higher class lose their rights as time goes by • Veiling, foot binding, child marriage • Africa: matrilineal and egalitarian before Christianity and Islam • See handout

23. Big Picture • Spread and growth of religion • Centralization vs. decentralization • Do boundaries make a nation? • Cultural divisions: religions, empires vs. feudalism • Interaction!