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Chapter 24

Chapter 24 . The Early Industrial Revolution (1760-1851). What was the Industrial Revolution?. Innovations in agriculture and industry lead to changes in economies of Europe and the United States. Power-driven machinery replaced work done in the homes. .

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Chapter 24

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  1. Chapter 24 The Early Industrial Revolution (1760-1851)

  2. What was the Industrial Revolution? • Innovations in agriculture and industry lead to changes in economies of Europe and the United States. • Power-driven machinery replaced work done in the homes.

  3. The Industrial Revolution was made possible by: • an agricultural revolution • a population explosion • Led to the migration of people from the country to the city • Moved people from Europe to the Americas • the development of new technology.

  4. Why Was Britain the Starting Point for the Industrial Revolution? • Britain had a stable government that supported economic growth. • Britain had large supplies of coal and iron, as well as a large labor supply. • World’s leading exporter of tools, guns, hardware • Largest merchant marine • Britain had plenty of skilled mechanics

  5. Great Britain Industrial Leader Slater’s Mill - 1793 • Risking death, Samuel Slater smuggled idea of “spinning wheel” to the United States from Great Britain. • He is considered to be the “father of American Manufacturing

  6. The Agricultural Revolution • rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure movement, • took over and fenced off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. • Poor farmers became landless • As millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose.

  7. Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill • Enabled farmers to plant seeds in orderly rows instead of scattering.

  8. The Population Explosion • The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population • declining death rates • reduced the risk of famine. • better hygiene and sanitation, along with improved medical care, further limited deaths from disease.

  9. James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny”1764 Enabled one person to spin 6 to 7 threads at a time.

  10. Richard Arkwright’sWater Frame 1768 • Spinning machine that ran continuously on water power • Developed to weave cotton textiles

  11. Steam Engine • Most revolutionary invention • James Watt design the modern steam engine. • led to many new inventions, most notably in transportation and industry

  12. A steam engine requires a boiler to heat water into steam. The expansion or contraction of steam exerts force upon a piston or turbine blade, whose motion can be harnessed for the work of turning wheels or driving other machinery. One of the advantages of the steam engine is that any heat source can be used to raise steam in the boiler; but the most common is a fire fueled by wood, coal or oil or the heat energy generated in a nuclear reactor. Steam Engine

  13. Robert FultonClermont launched in 1807 • it made the trip from New York City to Albany in one-third the time required to sail that distance.

  14. George Stephenson’sSteam Locomotive • pioneered the steam railway. • George built one of the first steam locomotives. • Railroads • Represented the revolution in transportation

  15. Eli WhitneyCotton Gin, 1793 • In the 1790’s slavery was dying in the U.S. until… • The cotton gin enabled one person to do the work previously done by 50 hand-pickers. • Prolonged slavery in America

  16. More Advancements • Factory machinery increased demand for iron and steel. • Henry Bessemer – Bessemer Process discover way to produce inexpensive steel from iron

  17. More Advancements Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts

  18. The Emergence of Factories • Increased need for power existed to increase efficiency and production.

  19. The Emergence of Factories • James Watt designs steam engine which allows factories to be run continuously. • By 1913 assembly line at the Ford plant; product totally assembled piece by piece!

  20. Quality and Quantity • As the illustration shows, one person performing all five steps in the manufacture of a product can make one unit in a day. • Five workers, each specializing in one of the five steps, can make 10 units in the same amount of time.

  21. The Factory System • Working hours (12 to 16) hours a day. • Workers suffered injuries and unsafe condtions • employed children as young as five years old. • Division of labor, each worker did a specialized task. • Factory Act of 1833 • Prohibited employing workers under the age of 9

  22. the New Middle Class • MIDDLE CLASS • Entrepreneurs benefited most from the Industrial Revolution. • lived in nice homes, ate, and dressed well. • Women were encouraged to become “ladies.” • People valued hard work and the determination to “get ahead.” • Many believed the poor were responsible for their own misery.

  23. Elisha Graves Otis 1852“safety hoister” - safety elevator Telegraph Register Patent Model, patented May 1, 1849, patent number6,420, by Samuel F. B.Morse

  24. Thomas Edison AlexanderGraham Bell

  25. Horseless Carriage • The original “horseless carriage” was introduced in 1893 by brothers Charles and Frank Duryea. • It was America’s first internal-combustion motor car

  26. Henry Ford’s Model • it has never been proven that Henry Ford ever said, "You can paint it any color...," but the phrase has survived for 3/4 of a century and does indicate something about America's beloved Model T: its "steadfastness," its enduring and endearing "sameness." The first production Model T Ford was assembled at the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit on October 1, 1908. Over the next 19 years, Ford would build 15,000,000 automobiles with the Model "T" engine, the longest run of any single model apart from the Volkswagen Beetle. From 1908-1927, the Model T would endure with little change in its design. Henry Ford had succeeded in his quest to build a car for the masses.

  27. Henry Ford’s Model T • By 1913, the moving assembly line enabled Ford to produce far more cars than any other company.

  28. The Wright brothers created a motorized aircraft in 1903 and flew it from Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Wright Flyer Pictures. The Wright Brothers

  29. Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity – 1905 Matter and Energy/E=mc2 – 1905 mass & energy can be converted to each other “… the most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all art and science.” -Albert Einstein

  30. Was the Industrial Revolution a Blessing or a Curse? • The Industrial Revolution created social problems: • Low pay • Unemployment • Dismal living conditions • Pollution • Focused on the wants of society; not the needs • The Industrial Revolution brought material benefits: • The increasing demand for mass-produced goods led to the creation of more jobs. • Wages rose; standard of living increases of many. • Travel times cut! • Opportunities increased; social mobility. What is it?

  31. Economic Theories & Social Movements

  32. Capitalism: Profit Motive • Land and business owned by private individuals • Government has limited interference in the economy. • Free market

  33. Review of the New Laissez-faireTheories • Thomas Malthus • Population would outpace the food supply. • As long as the population kept increasing, the poor would suffer. • People should have fewer children. • Adam Smith • A free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone. • A growing economy would encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures.

  34. Utilitarianism • Government needs to take responsibility to improve lives of working people. • Desires laws to limit child labor and improve public health conditions

  35. Socialism SOCIALISM The people as a whole, rather than private individuals, own and operate the means of production.

  36. Utopians • The Utopians wanted to build self-sufficient communities in which all work was shared and all property owned in common.

  37. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Communist Manifesto, written in 1848, portrayed the natural evolution of a communist utopia from capitalism. • Communism • there is no capitalism and no state • just a working society in which all give according to their means and take according to their needs.

  38. Karl Marx and “Scientific Socialism” • The entire course of history was a class struggle between the “haves” and the “have-nots.” • The modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat, or working class.

  39. Karl Marx and “Scientific Socialism” • In the end, the proletariat would take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society. In such a society, wealth and power would be equally shared. • Despite a number of weaknesses, Marx’s theory had a wide influence on industrial Europe.

  40. Compare and contrast capitalism and Marxism. • Compare and Contrast Two Economic Systems • Capitalism Only • Supported individual freedom; opposed government intervention; guided by profit motive; individual ownership of private property • Marxism Only • Factors of production owned by people; governmental control of factories, mines; predicted proletariat revolution

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