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The Sociological Perspective

The Sociological Perspective. Chapter 1. The Natural Sciences Biology Geology Chemistry Physics. The Social Sciences Political Science Economics Anthropology Psychology Sociology. Sociology & the Other Sciences. The Goals of Science. Why Something Happens Making Generalizations

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The Sociological Perspective

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  1. The Sociological Perspective Chapter 1

  2. The Natural Sciences Biology Geology Chemistry Physics The Social Sciences Political Science Economics Anthropology Psychology Sociology Sociology & the Other Sciences

  3. The Goals of Science • Why Something Happens • Making Generalizations • Making Predictions

  4. The Development of Sociology • The Scientific Method • Key Figures • Auguste Comte (1798-1857) • Positivism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Class conflict • Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) • Social integration & suicide • Max Weber (1864-1920) • Religion & capitalism

  5. The Role of Values in Research • “value-free” • “objectivity” • “replication”

  6. The Debate over Values

  7. Verstehen & Social Facts • Weber and Verstehen • “to understand” • subjective meanings • Durkheim and Social Facts • “social facts”: patterns of behaviour that characterize a social group.

  8. Sexism in Early Sociology • The “Four Ks”: Kirche, Kuchen, Kinder, und Kleider (church, cooking, children, and clothes) • Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) • Society in America • Translator of Comte

  9. Early Sociology in North America • Canada • Quebec: European & French influence • English Canada • British tradition: University of Toronto • U. S. tradition: McGill University • United States • University of Chicago • George Herbert Mead

  10. Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology • Symbolic Interactionism • Functional Analysis (AKA Functionalism & Structural Functionalism) • Conflict Theory • Feminist Theory • Postmodernism • Queer Theory • Critical Race Theory

  11. Symbolic Interactionism • Symbols (things to which we attach meaning) as the basis of social life • Key Figures • Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) • George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

  12. Functional Analysis • Society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together • Key Figures • Auguste Comte (1798-1857) • Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) • Robert Merton (1910-2003)

  13. Conflict Theory • Class Struggle as the basis of social life • Bourgeoisie & Proletariat • Key Figures • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Ralf Dahrendorf (1929 - ) • Lewis Coser (1913 - )

  14. Feminist Theories • Marxist Feminist Theories • Class & economic position • Liberal Feminist Theories • Legal restraints & customs • Radical Feminist Theories • Patriarchy • Commonalities of Feminist Theories

  15. Postmodernism • Modernity: Max Weber (1864-1920) • Change, collective action, & progress • Postmodernity: C. Wright Mills (1916-1962) • A rejection of modernity • Cultural Diversity • Images & Symbols

  16. Queer Theory • Judith Butler: Gender Trouble • Fluidity of gender identities • Gayle Rubin: “Thinking Sex” • Intolerance of sexual differences • Fear of sex • Challenges All Notions of Fixed Identity

  17. Critical Race Theory • Derrick Bell • Post–Civil Rights Era African –American Legal Thought • A Multi-discipline Examination of: • The social construction of race & race identity • The reality of racial discrimination

  18. Levels of Analysis • Macro-Level Analysis • Conflict theory • Functionalist theory • Micro-Level Analysis • Symbolic interactionism • Queer theory • Macro- & Micro-Level analyses • Feminist theory • Postmodernism

  19. Applied & Clinical Sociology • The Three Phases of Research • Reform • Establish sociology as a respected field of knowledge • Merging sociological knowledge and practical work

  20. Comparing Basic & Applied Sociology

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