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Interconnecting to the grid

This extensive guide delves into the complexities of interconnecting to the energy grid, covering historical context, technical challenges, and regulatory requirements. It explores concepts like cogeneration and distributed generation, while also addressing efficiency, reliability, and power quality issues. With a focus on safety, cost recovery, and the importance of understanding various standards, this resource offers insights for utility operators, engineers, and project developers. It emphasizes the importance of proactive communication with utilities and understanding the intricacies of energy interconnection.

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Interconnecting to the grid

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  1. Interconnecting to the grid A bird’s eye view

  2. Here kitty kitty

  3. Can I please connect to your grid? Cost recovery Safety Unfair to rate payers Power Quality Fault Detection Liability Blah Blah Blah

  4. But it’s good for you!!! • T&D deferral • Reduce peak • Improved reliability • Voltage support • Yada, Yada, Yada

  5. History • First power plants were CHP • Grids were served by local plant • Regulated Utilities consolidated • PURPA 1978 • EPACT 2005 Source: IEEE Source: IEEE

  6. 5000 1930s 4000 1950s $/kW Average Installed Cost 3000 1970s 2000 1980s 1000 1990s 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Plant Power Capacity (MW) Bigger is Better? Source: ACEEE

  7. Hey, what happened to my energy? Source: ACEEE

  8. Why do I have to study history? Source: Casten, T. & Casten, S. “Transforming Electricity”

  9. Jargon • Cogen • CHP • BCHP • CCHP • RE • TE • DG • DE • DR • DER • DP • DRP

  10. Types of Operation • Grid Isolated • Export • Import • Buy All/Sell All • Synchronous • Inductive • Inverter

  11. Grid Isolated PCC Switch Open No Power Flow Loads Loads

  12. Import Switch Closed Power Flow PCC Loads Loads

  13. Export Switch Closed Power Flow PCC Loads Loads

  14. Buy All/Sell All Switch Closed Power Flow PCC Switch Closed Power Flow Loads Loads

  15. Technical Issues(lots of math but solutions are possible) • Anti-Islanding • Grid Protection • Generator Protection

  16. Anti-islanding Substation X Feeder Breaker

  17. Anti-islanding • Over/Under Frequency – [81o/u] • Overvoltage – [59] • Undervoltage – [27] Good for DG < 15% of feeder load ~15,000 small DG with no reported injuries1 1IREC

  18. Anti-islanding • Reverse Power - [32] • Directional Over-Current - [67] • Instantaneous Over-voltage - [59I] • Trip Transfer

  19. Grid Protection • Fault Current Contribution • Power Flow • Ground Fault (Transformer Selection) • Over voltage damage to Grid Equipment • Ferroresonance • Power Quality Issues

  20. Generator Protection • Synch Check - [25] • Negative Phase sequence - [46 / 47] • Loss of Excitation - [40] • Circulating Currents

  21. Switchgear Digital Multifunction Relay PLC /Microprocessor Communications Technologies

  22. Regulatory / Business Issues(hardly any math but solution almost impossible) • Standards • Rates • Permitting • Obligation to serve • Liability • Incentives

  23. Standards – We don’t need no stinking standards • IREC Model Interconnection Standards • IEEE 1547 • PJM • FERC • Texas • California Rule 21

  24. Interconnect Standards for DG in effect under development (May 2007)

  25. Consideration of EPACT 2005 Interconnect Standard X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rejected X under consideration X adopted (May 2007)

  26. Rates • Avoided Cost • Back Stand Charge • Exit Fee • Additional Facilities Charge • Curtailable • Net Metering • RTP

  27. Net metering www.dsireusa.orgMay 2007 NH: 25 MA: 60 RI: 25 * CT: 100 100 VT: 15/150 100 * * 50 100 * 40 * 25 30 * 10/400 20 * 25/100 * 25 * * no limit 500 * PA: 50/1,000/2,000 NJ: 2,000 DE: 25 MD: 2,000 DC: 100 VA: 10/500 * 40 * 150 * * * 25 2,000 10 * 25 * 1,000 15 * 20/100 * * 100 25/300 10 10/100 80,000 * 50 25/100 50 varies Net metering is available in 41 states + D.C. State-wide net metering for all utility types * State-wide net metering for certain utility types (e.g., IOUs only) Net metering offered by one or more individual utilities (Numbers indicate system size limit in kW; in some cases limits are different for residential and commercial systems, as shown)

  28. Consideration of EPACT 2005 Net Metering X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rejected X under consideration X adopted (May 2007)

  29. So what am I supposed to do? • Define your project • Generation information • Transformer type • Protection scheme • Operational characteristics • Understand your benefits (think out of the box) • Rates impacts • Incentives • Reliability / Productivity

  30. So what am I supposed to do? • Understand the rules • PURPA • Utility interconnection rule set • PUC • Permitting – Air, Siting, NEC, Water, etc. • Understand the process • Talk to your Utility (a lot – be a “nice” pest) • Talk to others who have done a project • Talk to “experts”

  31. Where to get help

  32. Where else to get help • www.eere.energy.gov/de/chp/chp_applications/information_resources.html • www.epa.gov/chp/ • www.dsireusa.org • www.irecusa.org • www.uschpa.org • www.districtenergy.org

  33. Questions

  34. Contact Info Keith McAllister, PE Co-Director CHPCenterSE NC Solar Center NC State University 919-515-3933 keith_mcallister@ncsu.edu

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