Europe's Political Evolution: Nationalism & Revolutions

1. Section 1: New Ideas, New Directions Phobia Petrified World history Chapter 20: The Growth of Nationalism

2. A. Changes in Political Thinking Main Idea Between 1789 and 1815, Europe changed dramatically. The French Revolution tore France apart. It created unrest in other parts of Europe, too. The Napoleonic Wars also caused destruction and disorder, across the continent. New ideologies- beliefs and plans for social and political change- were forming. As a result, Europe would continue to change.

3. A. Changes in Political Thinking • The Rise of Nationalism • Nation-State is a self-governing land in which most people have the same cultural background, language and history. • Nationalism is loyalty to one’s country. • Nationalism would shape much of Europe’s history in the 19th century. Nationalism also grew in other parts of the world that Europeans had settled.

4. A. Changes in Political Thinking • The Congress of Vienna • Metternich-the king- felt that Europe should be restored, or returned, to the way it was before the war. The first was that all countries that fought Napoleon had to be paid back. • The Second was that the balance of power had to be restored in Europe, so no nation would be too powerful. • Third, all royal families who had ruled before Napoleon became emperor had to be restored to power.

5. A. Changes in Political Thinking • Ensuring Peace in Europe • The representatives at the Congress of Vienna worked out a plan to maintain peace in Europe and restore the balance of power. • In Germany, the Congress of Vienna organized the many German states into the German Confederation. • To protect the new plan, a peacekeeping alliance called the Concert of Europe was formed.

6. A. Changes in Political Thinking • Nationalism and Liberalism in Europe • To Metternich and most other leaders at the Congress of Vienna, the nationalism and liberalism spread by the French Revolution and Napoleon were dangerous forces. • European delegates met in Vienna, Austria, during the Congress of Vienna to plan peace for Europe. • In 1830 and 1831, serious uprisings broke out in France, Belgium, Poland, and Italy.

7. B. France after Napoleon • Members of the congress of Vienna believed that a monarchy was the best way to bring peace France. Therefore, they agreed to the restoration, or return, of Louis XVIII to power. Louis accepted a constitution that limited his power.

8. B. France after Napoleon • From Charles X to Citizen King • Louis XVIII did face some opposition. One group of ultraroyalists, or Ultras, wanted to return France to the kind of government that it had had before 1789. • When Louis XVIII died in 1824, his brother took the throne as Charles X. Unlike Louis, Charles believed that the king should hold all the power of government in his hands.

9. B. France after Napoleon • Trouble at Home • The upper and middle classes generally liked Louis Philippe, a wealthy man, but there were people who wanted change. Beginning in 1847, people critical of the government held political gatherings called banquets to organize their forces. • The group of revolutionary leaders in Paris set up a new government, the Second Republic. • That fall, the French elected Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, as president.

10. B. France after Napoleon • Trouble Abroad • Napoleon III tried to quiet unhappy voices at home by seeking glory for France abroad the first target was Russia. • Napoleon III then built up the French presence elsewhere he attempted to extend French influence in North Africa, mostly by supporting the construction of the Suez Canal in Egypt. • France declared war on Prussia in 1870, and it a proved a disaster for France. Napoleon III was captured and later died in exile.

11. B. France after Napoleon • The Third Republic • French rebels revolted over the terms of the peace treaty between Prussia and France. • In 1871, France became a republic once more- the Third Republic Legislators settled on a new constitution in 1875. • A serious crisis in the Third Republic began in 1894. Alfred Dreyfus, a German. He was convicted of treason and was sentence to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island.

12. Chapter 20: The Growth of NationalismSection 2: Change in Eastern Europe Phobia Petrified World history

13. A. Nationalism Leads to Revolt Main Idea A rising belief in nationalism inspired revolts in Greece and other parts of eastern Europe.

14. A. Nationalism Leads to Revolt • As nationalism spread throughout Europe in the 1800s, so did peoples’ thoughts about self-determination. Self-determination is a belief that people have the right to decide their own form of government.

15. A. Nationalism Leads to Revolt • The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans • At the beginning of the 1800s, the Ottoman Empire covered a huge area that stretched as far east as Persia. • When the 10th century came the Empire faced two problems: The first one was the sultan decreasing on the provinces. The Second problem was the rise of nationalism, especially among the peoples of the Balkans. • Most of the people of the Balkans were Christians, whereas their Ottoman rulers were Muslims.

16. A. Nationalism Leads to Revolt • Trouble in Serbia and the Balkans • In the early 1800s, several Balkan groups rebelled against the Ottomans who ruled them since the late 1400s. • The first Balkan people to revolt were the Serbs in 1804, in two different revolts between 1804-1817, the Serbs fought bitterly against the Ottomans, suffering massive defeats both times. • Finally, in 1829 they were granted limited self-rule within the Ottoman Empire. Their long fight against the Ottomans helped shape a sense of national identity among Serbians.

17. A. Nationalism Leads to Revolt • Greek Independence • In 1821, the people of Greece also rebelled against Ottoman rule. Leaders of the rebellion especially a man named Alexander Ypsilantis, encouraged Greeks to rally as a nation in order to win back their independence. • In 1825, France Russia and Great Britain agreed to support Greece in a rebellion. By 1830, Greece was formally declared an independent kingdom. • The Austrian Empire seized Bosnia and Herzegovina. This action angered the Serbs because they had hoped to expand there. In addition, Great Britain and France also looked for Ottoman lands to control.

18. B. Russia’s Involvement Grows • Main idea Beginning in the 1850s. Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans. France and Great Britain, also world powers, feared that if Russia gained more lands it would grow even more powerful and threaten them. Over the next 30 years, as Russia battled the Ottomans for power and control, France and Great Britain's sometimes sided with the Ottomans and sometimes sided with the Russians, This seesaw of power and control continued for many decades.

19. B. Russia’s Involvement Grows • The Crimean War • The major goal in fighting the Ottomans was to gain control of the Ottoman lands along the Danube River. • The Crimean War was brutal, with many causalities, during the winter thousands of soldiers died from the cold, illness, and malnutrition. • After years of fighting in the war, Russia turned away in defeat. The Crimean War ended with a treaty that was drawn up in 1856.

20. B. Russia’s Involvement Grows • The Russo-Turkish War 0f 1877 • In the Russo-Turkish was the Europeans remained neutral they didn’t take a side. • France, Germany, and Austria-Hungary thought that Russia had too much power in the Balkans they demanded that the major European nations organize a conference to discuss the matter. • The congress of Berlin met in 1878 it set up three independent Balkan nations: Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro

21. C. Russia Faces Other Problems • Czar Nicholas I • When Alexander I died suddenly in 1825, his brothers Constantine and Nicholas each said that the other should be the new czar. • Czar Nicholas I was a reactionary, meaning a person who is opposed to change. After the revolt in December, he started a special secret police to watch for groups that might work against the government. • In Russia Nicholas censored newspaper and textbook. He banned any writing that disagreed with the government. He limited university attendance and class subjects.

22. C. Russia Faces Other Problems • Reforms of Alexander II • Nicholas I died in 1855, during the Crimean War. His son became Czar Alexander II, unlike his father he believed in reform. • His most important reform, however, came in 1861. At that time, some 25 million serfs were still being forced to work for wealthy landowners. • The Edict of Emancipation set the serfs free and took millions of acres of land from landowners.

23. Chapter 20: The Growth of NationalismSection III: Wars of Independence in Latin America Phobia Petrified World history

24. A. Social Structure in Latin America • Main Idea The Colonial society of Latin America had distinct classes based on birth and race.

25. A. Social Structure in Latin America • Classes of Society • In the parts of Latin America controlled by Spain and Portugal, white people who were born in Europe were at the top of society. • Below them were Criollos, or Creoles. • Although mestizos and mulattoes had enough training to work at skilled jobs and could read and write, they were not allowed to own land.

26. A. Social Structure in Latin America • The Role of the Church • From the beginning, Roman Catholicism was an important part of life in Latin America. • The Church in Latin America grew very wealthy. In Mexico, for example, the Church came to own about one third of the lands. • With few expectations, the Church supported the government and society in Latin America.

27. B. Changes to the System • Main Idea In Europe and the United States, great changes were underway. Latin Americans who were unhappy with their lives listened with interest to news about those changes.

28. B. Changes to the System • The age of Enlightenment Reaches Latin America • The Enlightenment dramatically influence the European thoughts during the 1700’s. • During the later 1700s, Latin Americans turned their attention to the American Revolution. • Hopes rose higher with news of the French Revolution. Here was another case in which people rose against their rulers and demanded rights.

29. B. Changes to the System • Independence for Haiti • The French Revolution gave people of the West Indies the motivation to rebel. • Saint Dominigue was France’s wealthiest colony. Its sugar and coffee plantations depended upon the labor of half a million enslaved workers. • In the Troubled months that followed, a leader named Francois Dominique Toussaint emerged.

30. C. Revolution Spreads • Main Idea In south America, the push for independence followed news of trouble abroad.

31. C. Revolution Spreads • Simon Bolivar as Liberator • A great number of people took part in South America’s march toward independence. • One of those Liberators was Simon Bolivar. • Next, with the help of Antonio Jose de Sucre, Bolivar ended colonial rule in Ecuador.

32. C. Revolution Spreads • Jose de San Martin • A skilled Creole military leader named Jose de San Martin had been fighting since 1813 to liberate southern South America. • In 1822, Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar met to discuss how to achieve total liberation of Peru. • San Martin resigned and Bolivar went on to claim total victory in Peru in 1824, driving the Spaniards out for good.

33. C. Revolution Spreads • Mexico and Central America • In 1810- an important year in Mexico’s history- a priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lead a peasant army in revolt against the Spanish government. • In 1821, Augustin de Iturbide, a Spanish Creole general, joined the rebels in Mexico. • Iturbides empire included much of Central America, in the area where people had also sought independence from Spain.

34. C. Revolution Spreads • Reaction in the United States • Years of fighting for independence had weakened the economies of Latin America countries. • In, 1823 President James Monroe issued a statement that has become known as the Monroe Doctrine. • For more than 100 years, the Monroe Doctrine remained the key to U.S. policy in the Americas.