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The Fifth Cycle of Philosophy

The Fifth Cycle of Philosophy. Barry Smith. Brentano’s Four Phases.

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The Fifth Cycle of Philosophy

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  1. The Fifth Cycle of Philosophy Barry Smith

  2. Brentano’s Four Phases In a lecture,  delivered in Vienna in 1894 and dedicated"to the academic youth of Austria-Hungary", Franz Brentano outlined four phases of advance and decline which he saw as providing the key to the understanding of the history of Western philosophy.

  3. The Four Phases of Philosophy • rapid practical scepticism mysticism • progress interest

  4. First Cycle • Thales to Stoicism and Pyrrho, Neo-Pythagoreans, • Aristotle Epicureanism Eclectics Neo-Platonists Aristotle empirical wonderment

  5. Second Cycle • Rediscovery of Scotism Ockham, Lull, • Aristotle by Augustine Nominalists Nicholas of • and Early Scholastics Cusa Aquinas learned ignorance

  6. Third Cycle • Bacon Christian Wolff Hume Berkeley, Fichte • Descartes Reid Schelling, Hegel • Leibniz, Locke Kant grounding knowledge on blind prejudices

  7. Philosophical mother ship gives birth to empirical physics • Bacon Rising practical • Descartes (scientific) interest • Leibniz, Locke • Galileo, Newton

  8. Fourth Cycle (Continental) • Brentano Husserl Heidegger Derrida and • Rediscovery Reinach the French • of Aristotle Ingarden

  9. Philosophical mother ship gives birth to the new empirical science of psychology • Brentano,Stumpf • Meinong,Ehrenfels • Wilhelm Wundt

  10. The Birth of Psychology • 1874: Brentano publishes Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint • Vera philosophiaemethodusnulla alia nisi scientiae naturalis est. • 1879: Wundt establishes world’s first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig • 1883: Wundt establishes a journal entitled PhilosophischeStudien, to publish the results of his laboratory experiments

  11. The Birth of Psychology • 1889: First International Congress of Psychology; Meinong founds Laboratory of Psychology in Graz • 1892: American Psychological Association founded, with 42 members • 1894: Stumpf becomes professor of philosophy in Berlin with explicit task of establishing an institute of psychology • 1907: Twardowski founds first psychological laboratory in Poland

  12. Fourth Cycle (Analytical) • Frege ViennaCircle Wittgenstein2oRorty • Wittgenstein1o Gödel QuineFeyerabend • Russell Tarski Goodman

  13. Philosophy gives birth to mathematical logic andcomputer science • Frege Gödel • Russell Tarski • Whitehead Turing

  14. Each final phase of decline, with its ultimate collapse into nonsense and jokes, gives rise to the call for a new phase of renewal. • Derrida • Rorty • Judith Butler

  15. You are now here Derrida Rorty Butler

  16. The Fifth Cycle • Phases of renewal are associated with a new focus on empiricism, on rigour and clarity, a new scientific relevance of philosophy,

  17. Rise of analytical metaphysics • Roderick Chisholm • E.J.Lowe, • David Armstrong • Peter Simons • Ingvar Johansson …

  18. Something’s happening here … but you don’t know what it is, Mr Jones • Russell, Husserl, Ingarden, • Chisholm, E.J.Lowe, Armstrong • Simons, Ingvar Johansson, Kit Fine • Maurizio Ferraris??? Patrick Hayes,

  19. why were disciplines such as physics or psychology … founded? • feelings of chaos, sectarianism, superficiality, deadendedness, triviality inside philosophy • philosophy goes round and round in circles forever re-re-re-re-re-explaining Kant’s theory of apperception • new methods for tackling philosophical problems also address extra-philosophical concerns • empirical results • increasing cross-disciplinary collaboration between philosophy and extra-philosophical disciplines

  20. Philosophical mother ship gives birth to the new science of ontology • Husserl, Ingarden, Chisholm • E.J.Lowe, David Armstrong • Peter Simons, Ingvar Johansson • Patrick Hayes, Cornelius Rosse

  21. What is ontology?

  22. Google hits Jan. 2004 • ontology + Heidegger 58K • ontology + Aristotle 77K • ontology + philosophy 327K • ontology + software 468K • ontology + database 594K

  23. Comparison 2004/2012 • ontology +Heidegger 58K 1.91M • ontology + Aristotle 77K 1.66M • ontology + philosophy 327K 4.91M • ontology + software 468K 7.80M • ontology + database 594K 10.20M

  24. Ontology (philosophy) • (Synonym of ‘metaphysics’) The science of being. A theory of the types of entities existing in reality, and of the relations between them, for example between basic and non-basis entities.

  25. Ontology (science) • The science which develops theories of the types of entities existing in given domains of reality, and of the relations between them • such theories are represented as computational artifacts called ‘ontologies’ • which are used to describe heterogeneous data in consistent ways to support comparison and integration

  26. World’s first ontology scientist • Cornelius Rosse(born in Hungary in 1932, studied Aristotle in the Jesuit seminar in Budapest, used his knowledge of Aristotle to create the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), the first philosophically rigorous biological ontology Rosse draw on his knowledge of Aristotle to create the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), the first philosophically rigorous biological ontology

  27. Organ Part Organ Subdivision Anatomical Space Anatomical Structure Organ Cavity Subdivision Organ Cavity Organ Organ Component Serous Sac Tissue Serous Sac Cavity Subdivision Serous Sac Cavity subtype Pleural Sac Pleura(Wall of Sac) Pleural Cavity part_of Parietal Pleura Visceral Pleura Interlobar recess Mediastinal Pleura Mesothelium of Pleura 120,000 terms (nodes); over 2.1 million relations (edges)

  28. Organ Part Organ Subdivision Anatomical Space Anatomical Structure Entity Organ Cavity Subdivision Organ Cavity Organ Organ Component Serous Sac Tissue Serous Sac Cavity Subdivision Serous Sac Cavity Independent Continuant subtype Pleural Sac Pleura(Wall of Sac) Pleural Cavity part_of Parietal Pleura Visceral Pleura Interlobar recess Mediastinal Pleura Mesothelium of Pleura

  29. World’s most successful ontology

  30. http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm

  31. www.geneontology.org how a logically and philosophically well-structured ontology can contribute to integration across massively heterogeneous data sources

  32. Ontology (science) • is not a job for software engineers • but it is not a job for philosophers, either, e.g. where ontology is playing an increasing role in supporting interdisciplinary communication between human beings – for example in improving communication between Federal government departments

  33. Typical reasons for founding a new discipline • feelings of chaos, deadendedness, triviality inside the mother discipline • new methods for tackling problems of the mother discipline • new kinds of empirical methods and results • increasing need for cross-disciplinary collaboration – e.g. marked by multi-authorship

  34. What is needed to found a new discipline • Funding • Journals • Conferences • Institutes • Societies • Industrial applications • Military applications

  35. Funding

  36. Examples of Ontology (Science) Projects funded by US National Institutes of Health • NIH / NHGRI GO: Gene Ontology • NIH / NIGMS PRO: Protein Ontology • NIH / NIAID IDO: Infectious Disease Ontology • NIH / NIDCR Ontology for Mental Disease • NIH / NHGRI SO: Sequence Ontology • NIH / NLM FMA: Foundational Model of Anatomy • NIH / NHGRI CL: Cell Ontology • by now at least $500 million funding from NIH

  37. Journals • Applied Ontology • Journal of Biomedical Semantics • International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies • Ontology Development and Applications • Journal of Social Ontology

  38. Conferences • Formal Ontology in Information Systems • Bio-Ontologies • Ontology for the Intelligence Community (now: Semantic Technology for Intelligence, Defence and Security) • International Conference on Biomedical Ontology • Annual NIST Ontology Summit

  39. http://icbo14.com/

  40. http://fois2014.inf.ufes.br/

  41. http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu/

  42. Research Institutes (Examples) • Laboratory for Applied Ontology (Trento and Rome) • LabOnt(Turin and Rome) • Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (Saarbrücken) • Centre for Knowledge Analytics and Ontological Engineering (Bangalore) • National Center for Biomedical Ontology (Stanford Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Buffalo Department of Philosophy)

  43. http://www.loa-cnr.it/

  44. founded 1999 http://www.labont.it/

  45. Founded 2002

  46. Ontology Societies • International Association for Ontology and Its Applications (iaoa.org) • International Society for Biocuration (biocurator.org) • UK Ontology Network (ukontology.org) • ‎

  47. Industrial applications http://www.bbc.co.uk/ontologies

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