konstruksi musuh

1. konstruksimusuh

2. awas, ada MUSUH! • sebut satu orang atau kelompok yang pernah Anda musuhi • sejak kapan Anda memusuhinya? (titik balik antara bukan musuh menjadi musuh) • berapa lama Anda memusuhinya? • kapan Anda berhenti memusuhinya? (titik balik antara musuh menjadi bukan musuh)

3. stress avoidance via cognitive consistency • mengurangi jumlah informasi yang masuk guna menghindari kontradiksi pemahaman • memungkinkan individu untuk menerima informasi yang kontradiktif tanpa menyadarinya ataupun membuatnya merasa terganggu

4. selective perception & psychologic • stereotyping: simplifying cognitive categories referring to groups of people • tunnel vision: concentrate upon a few specific aspects of the conflict environment • separation: defending the ‘enemy image’ against contamination (not crediting other’s good actions, avoiding the communicator) • bolstering: seeking evidence to support a position already taken to justify it to self & others • polarisation: widening the gap, highlighting the differences among parties -> lessening the ability to emphatise, universalise one’s own frame of reference

5. selective recall • repression: unconscious process by which nonconforming information which usually redounds to one’s own or one’s party’s discredit, or contradicts the simple, black & white cognitive structure is not remembered • suppression: similar to repression, but occurs at the conscious level, and with the knowledge and intention of the individual concerned

6. group identification • dehumanisation: • identification: leads to related processes which allow a ‘good’ member to enhance his own group’s value • rationalisation: retain one’s image of his group … unconscious process of explaining the behavior that is unacceptable by either assigning logical reasons or excusing it • projection: projecting to others the characteristics & traits in oneself of which one feels most ashamed and wishes to deny -> self-fulfilling prophecy • displacement: redirecting feelings of hostility on to some available 3rd parties

7. self images • images of an extended self: individuals identify not merely with a set of other similar individuals but with symbolic objects which come to represent the set, as much as the individuals in it • virile & moral self images: tendencies to respond forcefully & aggressively to perceived threats … actions against adversaries are always interpreted as being principled & lacking in evil intent or ultimate effects • intruder self images: alien intruder, alien agitator, traitors in our midst

8. adversary images • black-top images: bad leaders, good citizens • unified enemy image

9. interdependence of self/others images • selective perception & interpretation: parties attach differing interpretations to actions or statements by themselves, their adversaries, or relevant 3rd parties • mirror images: mutually uncomplimentary images of one another, in which the details of one tend to be the reverse of the details in the image held by the enemy • maintaining interdependent images: issue polarisation, different degrees of freedom of action

10. stop, in the name of love • apa saja yang dapat dilakukan guna menghentikan proses konstruksi musuh?

11. housekeeping announcements • pertemuan kelas kat ke-6 diselenggarakan pada jam pelaksanaan uts • paper kelompok pengganti uts dikumpulkan pada pertemuan kelas kat ke-8 • kuliah pengganti ditentukan kemudian, kemungkinan besar dengan menggabungkan pertemuan 12-13 (drama kelas)