TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN BERITA (KOJ 3431) Universiti Putra Malaysia

1. TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN BERITA (KOJ 3431) Universiti Putra Malaysia

2. IV: Pengumpulan & Penulisan Berita: Media Cetak & Elektronik V: Pengaruh Persekitaran: Terhadap Pengumpulan Berita VI: Pengumpulan & Penulisan: Berita Khusus UNIT-UNIT

3. Types of News: Hard news – recent & straight forward. Soft news – feature writings, articles, etc. Investigative – news that needs probing. ACHTUNG! Tidak kesemua kandungan modul anda boleh diaplikasi kepada sistem media Malaysia kerana setiap negara punyai sistem media tersendiri. REVISION

4. Unit IV

5. “Primary source of information on TV is visuals, no matter how good the words or how ordinary the visuals. TV viewers understand something through visuals; Radio listeners understand something from sound.“ Pengumpulan & Penulisan Berita untuk Media Cetak & Elektronik

6. Pengumpulan & Penulisan Berita utk Media Cetak & Elektronik - Topik2: Sumber2 pemberitaan secara umum (revision) Penghasilan bahan penyiaran Menguruskan kesilapan, pembetulan dan pemalsuan berita PERINCIAN UNIT IV

7. Sumber-sumber pemberitaan secara umum: (revision) • Sidang akhbar –‘Q & A sessions’ • Faks / ‘handouts’–‘digesting the information’ • Panggilan telefon /‘call-out’–susulan, pandangan • Bersemuka / wawancara –temu janji, spontan • Panggilan masuk /‘call-in’–menteri, selebriti, aduan • Artikel-artikel –info internet, berita agensi luar • Pemantauan / pemerhatian –jenayah, kempen

8. Umumnya hampir kesemua teknik melibatkan wawancara. Antara bentuk & lokasi wawancara: (revision) • Sidang akhbar • ‘Question & Answer session’ • Panggilan telefon / ‘call out’ • ‘you ask; he answers’ • ‘you paused; he clarifies’ • ‘you pressure; he pauses (answers/silent/hang-up) • Bersemuka • Secara temu janji/ spontan/ saksi/ majlis sosial

9. Penghasilan bahan penyiaran: • Memahami DOKUMENTARI: • Basically factual • Extended treatment of single subject • Telling about real events, real people • Includes all the first-rate news reporting. • Memahami FEATURE: • Can be factual, can be entertainment • Bagaimanapun, pjg keduanya bergtg kpd subjek, produser, bajet, etc. • Temanya boleh tunggal ataupun bersegmen.

10. Penghasilan bahan penyiaran: (sambungan) • Penghasilan Dokumentari & Feature terlebih dahulu perlukan: • Pengkajian mendalam • Perangkaan struktur produk • Pengumpulan & Pencantuman bahan-bahan

11. Penghasilan Dokumentari & Feature (perincian): • Pengkajian mendalam (Ask yourself): • What am I trying to achieve? • What do I want the audience to feel / know? • What are the main subjects to include? • How will I run the program? • How long do I have? • How much is the budget? • Who can assist me?

12. Penghasilan Dokumentari & Feature (perincian): • Perangkaan struktur produk: • Ask yoourself - Do I need a narrator? • Should have: a beginning, a middle, an end. • Benefits of having a narrator: • Helping a program covers a lot in a short period • A linkage (thus, don’t interrupt) • An emotional tie (thus find an assertive one) • Not needed between every insert • Never to intervene.

13. Penghasilan Dokumentari & Feature (perincian): • Pengumpulan & Pencantuman bahan-bahan (perlunya sokongan audio): • Penataan muzik & bunyi yg tepat • Perlu ada ‘signposting’ jgn assume subjek dikenali • Mulakan dgn montaj, topik & promo yg berkesan • Paparan secara kronologi lebih mudah difahami • Perlu ada jukstaposisi (connectivity) yg baik • Penutup sebaiknya ialah beban tugas narator

14. Penghasilan Dokumentari & Feature (sambungan): • VISUAL techniques: • Wide shot – tells us what’s going on • Medium shot – tells a bit more about action & prepares us for the close-up. • Close-up – usually the most exciting shot which gives us a great deal of info about a small amount. • Zooms - can help, but don’t overuse them. • Wide shots, Zoom-outs – normally make a good closing shots.

15. Penghasilan Dokumentari & Feature (sambungan): • VISUAL techniques: • Wide shot – tells us what’s going on • Medium shot – tells a bit more about action & prepares us for the close-up. • Close-up – usually the most exciting shot which gives us a great deal of info about a small amount. • Zooms - can help, but don’t overuse them. • Wide shots, Zoom-outs – normally make a good closing shots.

16. Menguruskan kesilapan & pembetulan berita: • Semua media melakukan kesilapan. • Akhbar umumnya terkandung 4 perkara: • (1) Tajuk utama; (2) Fakta; • (3) Kebarangkalian;(4) Penyelewengan (lies) • Media today comprises of 6 common errors: • In details – names, age, etc • Of narrative – partial truth. • Of Invention – fictional stories. • Of context – incorrect / missing background. • Of omission – misleading by missing part. • Of interpretation – 2+2 = 5??

17. Menguruskan kesilapan & pembetulan berita: (sambungan) • 5 punca berlaku kesilapan: • False info from sources • Poor note-taking • Failure to double-check • Not listening to own anxieties • Rushing into print too early

18. Menguruskan kesilapan & pembetulan berita: (sambungan) • Bagaimana menguruskan kesilapan? • Quickly • Prompt • Candor (confess) • ‘Correction column’ • Prepare for legal actions • Factual errors are easier to correct.

19. Unit V

20. ‘To live in society, and be free of it, is impossibe’ – Bolshevik Lenin ‘News is a product of biases…’ – Josef Ernst (German sociologist) Pengaruh Persekitaran Terhadap Proses Pengumpulan Berita:

21. Pengaruh Persekitaran Terhadap Proses Pengumpulan Berita - Topik2: Pengaruh politik Pengaruh budaya poltik Pengaruh legislatif / pengawalseliaan Pengaruh ekonomi / hak milik Pemberitaan perisikan dlm kekangan pengaruh persekitaran PERINCIAN UNIT V

22. Pengaruh persekitaran - huraian: • Pengaruh politik: • Parti pemerintah • Parti pembangkang • NGO’s – kes tsunami • Pengaruh budaya politik: • Sistem pemerintahan negara • Sistem media yg dipakai • Pengaruh autoritarianism & demokrasi liberal • Pembentukan kewarganegaraan, sejarah, etc.

23. Huraian Pengaruh persekitaran:(sambungan) • Pengaruh legislatif: • Akta / Undang2 • Censorships • Codes – ethical codes, etc. • Physical force • Pengaruh ekonomi: • Ownership & control • Proprietorial control – lantik pemerhati • Shares ownerships • Alliances – ‘sister companies’

24. Pemberitaan perisikan: • Apa yg perlu dirisik? – Anything • Apa fungsinya? – check & balance • Pendekatan: • Honest & ethical • Courage to admit mistakes

25. Pendekatan melakukan pemberitaan perisikan: • Research the records & interview in depth • Don’t wait to be assigned • Be cautious, tactful, patience and perseverance. • Repetitious work on checking documents • Remember OSA! • Practise ‘smart interviewing’ • Stay focus – be independent (don’t become a police, etc.)

26. Unit VI

27. “wartawan perlu sentiasa mengekalkan identiti kewartawanannya (be a celebrated journalist; not a celebrity journalist), selain bersikap adil & menghormati setiap sumber-sumbernya (bias & favoritism is bad for reporting)” Pengumpulan & Penulisan Berita Khusus:

28. Pengumpulan & Penulisan Berita Khusus - Topik2: Bagaimana menulis ‘berita khusus’? Jenis2 Berita Khusus PERINCIAN UNIT VI

29. Bagaimana Menulis Berita Khusus: Remember! • The stronger the story, the easier it is to write • Writing is easy, BUT gathering credible sources is difficult

30. Ciri-ciri ‘Major incidents’ (Cth: Tsunami): • Chaotic • Witnesses are traumatised • Witnesses are confused • Witnesses are visualized things • Mostly are ‘urban legends’ stories.

31. Bagaimana menjadikan bahan berita anda berkredibiliti? • Semak kronologi peristiwa • Dptkan LAPORAN saksi • Semak dokumen / rekod sedia ada • Dptkan anggaran jumlah yg terkorban • Dptkan pandangan pakar/ intelektual • Dptkan ‘anchor piece’ (Cth: Black box) • Semak senarai korban – kalau2 ada individu yg terkenal terlibat / terbabit

32. Bagaimana melaporkan angka kematian / korban? Penggunaan / pemilihan kata2 yg tepat • At least / Sekurang2nya… • Approximately / Dianggarkan… • Until to date / Sehingga kini…

33. Bagaimana menyampaikan berita kematian kpd keluarga mangsa & mengumpul bahan laporan? The golden rule is TO EMPHATISE • Berikan ruang dan ‘sense of control’ • Tinggalkan nombor hp anda • Bersedia secara fizikal & spiritual • Jgn sekali-kali bawa ‘buku nota’ • Dtg sebagai manusia! – simpati, empati, berhemah, non-verbal yg tepat, etc. • Dlm apa keadaan, pemberita perlu fokus – never to be diverted from his task!

34. Jenis-jenis Berita Khusus: • Editorial • Kolum-kolum • Profil-profil • Laporan Ucapan (Cth: Ucapan dasar) • Laporan/ berita Sukan • Laporan/ berita ‘Lifestyles’ • Laporan/ berita Bisnes

35. Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus: • Editorial (punyai 3 bahagian): • Kenyataan berhubung isu, andaian, peristiwa • Komen berhubung isu / perkara tertentu • Kesimpulan / resolusi cdgn sesuatu konflik • Kolum2 (punyai 3 bahagian): • Straight opinion • Punyai kajian / rujukan tertentu • Bnyk pandangan peribadi (Cth: gosip)

36. Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus:(sambungan) • Profil2 (feature writings): • Format utama: ‘square’ • Fokus utama: ‘person with personality’ • Banyak gunakan ‘quotations’ • Ucapan: • “Be a journalist – digest information” • Find what’s new - never reproduce the text • Must have speaker’s background

37. Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus:(sambungan) • Sukan (feature writings): • Mostly interpretative than objective • Should inform, interpret, illustrate • However speculative, must be fact-oriented. • Can be factual, can be opinion • Mostly written and published in advance. • Lifestyles (feature writings - square): • Public-related articles • Soft approach, exploring on current & future

38. Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus:(sambungan) • Bisnes (can be soft / hard news): • Terbahagi dua: • (1) utk pakar; • (2) utk publik • Must do: • Avoid jargon (cth: pedagang matawang) • Define & explain the meanings of terms • ‘Humanize the news’ – bkn papar figura shj.

39. Terima kasih & Wassalamualaikum