Bacteria Bacteria on the tip of a pin

1. BacteriaBacteria onthe tip of apin

2. Prokaryotes Identified by their • Shapes • Chemical nature of their cell walls • The ways they move • The ways they obtain energy

3. Basic Structure Cell wall – protects the cell & gives it shape. Outer membrane – protects the cell against some anibiotics(only present in gram-negative) Cell membrane – regulates movement of materials into & out of the cell; contains enzymes important to cellular respiration. Plasmid– circular piece of DNA that contains some genes obtained through genetic recombination. Capsule & Slime layer – protect the cell & assist in attaching the cell to other surfaces.

4. 3 basic shapes Bacillus Coccus Spirilla

5. • Cell Arrangements – Diplo – cells are paired – Staphylo – cells are in grape-like clusters – Strepto – cells are in long chains

6. Cell Wall• Two different types of cell walls are found in eubacteria• Gram staining helps to tell them apart using two different types of dye– Violet - primary stain– Red - counterstain

7. • Gram positive– Bacteria cells containing peptidoglycan absorb only the violet dye – Appear purple in the microscope• Gram negative – Bacteria with a second(outer) layer of lipid and carbohydrate molecules – Extra layer absorbs only the red stain – Appear pink in the microscope

8. Gram Staining Bacteria • Gram Positive – stains purple • Gram Negative – stains pink http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/Gram3.htm

10. Growth and Reproduction • Binary Fission: bacterium doubles in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half. • Is this sexual or asexual reproduction?

11. Growth & Reproduction- Conjugation • the process by which two living bacteriabind together and one bacterium transfers genetic information to the other. Sex pili

12. Growth and Reproduction… • Endospore – protects the cell against harsh environmental conditions, such as heat and drought. • May allow the bacterium to survive for thousands of years.