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CSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS WITH C++

CSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS WITH C++. Prof. Amr Goneid AUC Part 2. Overview of C++. Overview of C++. Overview of C++. Historical C++ Basics Some Library Functions Expressions & Assignment Simple Input/Output. Historical. 1967: BCP language (Martin Richards, Cambridge)

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CSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS WITH C++

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  1. CSCE 110PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALSWITHC++ Prof. Amr Goneid AUC Part 2. Overview of C++ Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  2. Overview of C++ Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  3. Overview of C++ • Historical • C++ Basics • Some Library Functions • Expressions & Assignment • Simple Input/Output Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  4. Historical • 1967: BCP language (Martin Richards, Cambridge) • 1969: B language (Ken Thompson, Bell labs) • Early 1970’s: C language & Unix Operating System (Dennis Ritchie, Bell Labs) Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  5. Historical • Mid-1980’s: Early C++ derived from C (Bjarne Stroustrup, Bell labs) • 1998: Formally standardized C++, an OOP language Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  6. 1. C++ Basics • Example Program • Style, Declarations • Data Types • Constants • Declaring Constants & variables Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  7. 1.1 Example Program:Sorting an Array of Integers Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  8. Sorting an Array of Integers # include <iostream> using namespace std; // Functions Used void selectsort(int a[ ] , int n); // Function Prototype int main() // Start of main function { const int MAX = 100;// Data Declarations int a[MAX+1], k, n; Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  9. Example Program:Main Function Actions /* Begin Main Actions */ cin >>n; // Read size of data if (n > MAX) n = MAX;// to prevent array overflow for (k = 1; k <=n; k++) cin >> a[k]; // Read data into array selectsort(a,n); // Call sorting module for (k = 1; k <=n; k++) cout << a[k]; // Write sorted data cout << ‘ \n ’// Move to a new line return0; // No errors } /* End. Main Function */ Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  10. Example Program:Sorting Module (Function) voidselectsort (int a[ ], int n) {// Begin Module int i, j, min, temp; // Module Local Data for (i = 1; i <n; i++ ) // Begin module action { min = i; for ( j = i+1; j <=n; j++) if (a[j] < a[min] ) min = j; temp = a[min]; a[min] = a[i]; a[i] = temp; } } // End Module Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  11. 1.2 Style • Lines • Separators (spaces, lines, comments) • Comments (//.. Single line or/*..*/) • Case sensitive ( e.g. MAX, max) • Keywords ( e.g.for if return..) use lowercase letters • User Identifiers (e.g. MAX, min, a, n, selectsort,.. etc) Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  12. Style (continued) • Constants (e.g. MAX ,100 , ‘\n’ etc) • Operators (e.g. <= ++ + >> etc) • Punctuators (e.g. ( ) ; { } etc) • Keywords, identifiers, constants, operators and punctuators are called TOKENS • Compiler Directives Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  13. Compiler Directives • #include • Compiler directive • Processed at compilation time • Instructs compiler on what you want in the program • #include <iostream> • Adds library files to program • Used with < > • Also “ “user defined Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  14. Some Declaration Keywords • Modules (Functions): main() void <function name>(..) • Data Declaration: constfor constant data int , float , etc, for data types stringfor user defined strings Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  15. 1.3 A Classification of Data Types Data Type Scalar Data Structure Arrays Structs Unions Classes Pointer Files Streams strings …….. Integer Floating Character Logical (bool) Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  16. Some Scalar Data Types • Integers: intshortunsigned intlong • Floating: floatdoublelong double • Character: charunsigned char • Logical (Boolean): bool Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  17. Ranges of Scalar Data Types • int , short 2 bytes -32,768 .. 32,767 • unsigned int , unsigned short 2 bytes 0 .. 65,535 • long 4 bytes -2G .. 2G • unsigned long 4 bytes 0 .. 4G • float 4 bytes ~ E +/- 38 (7 digits) • double 8 bytes ~ E +/- 308 (15 digits) • long double 10 bytes ~ E +/- 4932 (19 digits) Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  18. Ranges of Scalar Data Types • char 1 byte -128 .. 127 • unsigned char 1 byte 0 .. 255 • bool 1 byte true / false non-zero / zero Note: Integer , character and boolean types are called Ordinal Types because their members can be listed by rank. Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  19. 1.4 Examples of Constants • Predefined: true false SHRT_MAX (32767) • Integer: 79 (decimal of type int) 232467L (decimal of type long) • Floating: 1.35 2.34e-3 5.705E+5 (decimal of type double) • Character: ‘A’ ‘\n’ (type char) • String Literals: “Hello” (class string) Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  20. 1.5 Declaring & Initializing Constants • Syntax : const <type> <name> = <value>; • Examples: const int MAX = 100;{integer} const bool says = true;{Boolean} const string message = “warning!”;{String literal} const float KmperMile= 1.609344F;{float} const alpha = 1.2345E-15; {double} const Large = -2345678L; {long} const char Initial = ‘H’; {char} Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  21. Declaring & Initializing Variables • Syntax: <type> <name>, <name> .. ; or <type> <name> = <value>; • Examples: unsigned charpixel ; int k = 2197; float x , y ; char c ; bool test ; string name = “Ann W. Wolf”; Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  22. Assigning Constants to Variableschanges initial values • Examples: pixel = 212; k = -16329; x = 3.1415926; c = ‘H’; test = false; name = “John W. Wolf ”; k = SHRT_MAX; Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  23. 2. Some Library Functions Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  24. Some Library Functions • To invoke: FunctionName (x) returns value of function for argument x • Examples: char(65) returns ‘A’ int(‘A’) returns 65 sqrt(4) returns 2.0 abs(-6) returns 6 sin(1.5708) returns 1.00 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  25. Library Functions(continued) cos(0.0) returns 1.0 atan(1.0) returns pi/4 tan(0.0) returns 0.0 log(2.0) returns 0.693147 exp(2.0) returns 7.38906 pow(4,1.5) returns 8.00 = 41.5 ceil(2.67) returns 3.0 floor(2.67) returns 2.0 Random(n) returns random int 0 .. n-1 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  26. Using a Library Function //Computes w = (1+z)2.6 z 1.45 / (1-z)3.2 # include <cmath> // pow function # include <iostream> // I/O functions using namespace std; int main ( ) { float w , z ; cout << “Enter z: “ ; cin >> z ; w = pow(1+z,2.6) * pow(z,1.45) / pow(1-z,3.2); cout << “Value of w = “ << w << endl; return 0 ; } Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  27. 3. Expressions & Assignment • Syntax • Arithmetic Expressions • Logical Expressions • Relational Expressions • Assignment Statement • Overall Operator Precedence • More on Arithmetic and Assignment Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  28. 3.1 Syntax Form1Form2 e.g -5 a + b !found x > y + 32 (c >= 65) && (c <=90) U-Op operand operand B-Op operand Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  29. Syntax • Operands: • Constants e.g. 5 false • Variables e.g. x a[3] • Functions e.g. sqrt(7) sin(y) • Expression e.g. x + y a > b • Operators: Arithmetic Logical Relational Assignment Compound Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  30. 3.2 Arithmetic Expressions • Operators: • Unary Minus and Plus (-) (+) • Multiplication, Division, Modulus ( * / % ) • Addition, Subtraction ( + - ) • Examples: -5 a*b sqrt(5)/2.0 x % m y - b (a+sqrt(y))/(6- sin(pi*y)) m / n - k Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  31. Arithmetic Expressions • Examples: 5 / 2 is 2 (int operands, int value) 5.0 / 2.0 (float operands, float value) 5.0 / 2 (Mixed operands, float value) 7 % 2 is 1 3 % 5 is 3 (% for int only) 2 + 6 /3 + 5 is 9 but (2 + 6) / (3 + 5) is 1 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  32. Arithmetic Expressions • Operator Precedence: ( ) Highest unary + - * / % Add (+) , Subtract (-) Lowest Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  33. Example • How many Hours, Minutes, Seconds are in n seconds? int n, hrs, mins, secs, rem; hrs = n / 3600; rem = n % 3600; mins = rem / 60; secs = rem % 60; Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  34. 3.3 Logical Expressions • Operators: ! (unary not) || (or) && (and) • Operands of Boolean type • Result: Boolean ( true , false ) • Examples: ! true is false a || b ! (x<y) c && d Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  35. Truth Table for Logical Operators 0 false , 1 true Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  36. 3.4 Relational Expressions • Operators: == < > <= >= != • Result: Boolean • Examples: a > b c <= 6 sqrt(x) >= y z != w a+b == c+d ‘A’ < ‘a’ name1 != name2 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  37. 3.5 Assignment Statement • The Assignment operator( = ) • Syntax:variable = expression; • Examples: int x , y ; bool a,b,c ; x = 3; y = 2*x; a = true; a = x > y; c = a || b; Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  38. 3.6 Overall Operator Precedence • Parentheses ( ) Highest • Unary: ! + - • Multiplicative: * / % • Additive: + - • Relational: < > <= >= • Relational: == != • Logical: && • Logical: || • Assignment = Lowest • Example: d = !(x+y < z) && (2*b == c); Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  39. 3.7 More on Arithmetic and Assignment • Increment and Decrement Operators: ++operand--operand (increment/decrement operand then evaluate expression) operand++operand-- (evaluate expression then increment/decrement operand ) e.g. n++ , ++n is shorthand for n = n + 1 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  40. Increment and Decrement Operators • Examples: int a = 3; int b = 5; int c; • c = a + b++; yields a == 3, b == 6, c == 8 • c = a + ++b; yields a == 3, b == 6, c == 9 • c = a + b--; yields a == 3, b == 4, c == 8 • c = a + --b; yields a == 3, b == 4, c == 7 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  41. Multiple & Compound Assignment • Multiple Assignment: c = a = b; d = (a = b + 3) / c; • Compound Assignment: (Reassign after doing operation) e.g. a = a + b; //var = var op expr; can be written: a += b; //var compound-op expr; compound operators += -= *= /= %= e.g. c /= (x + 2); is c = c / (x + 2); Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  42. 4. Simple Input/Output Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  43. Simple Input/Output • Standard I/O Devices: cin standard input stream (keyboard) cout standard output stream (screen) Defined in #include <iostream> • Extraction Operator: >> DataVariable extracts one data item from cin to a variable • Insertion Operator: << DataElement inserts one data element in cout Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  44. Simple Input/Output • Keyboard Input: cin >> v ; cin >> v1 >> v2…; • Variables are entered with spaces between them. • ENTER or RETURN end input. e.g. int a,b; float x; string name; cin >> name; cin >> a >> b >> x; A.W.Wolf 12 524 2.567 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  45. Data Types and cin • Don’t mix types with cin int x; cin >> x; If Keyboard input is 16.6 The value placed in x would be 16 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  46. Other Characteristics of cin • Leading blanks ignored (floats, int, char, bool and strings) • Char read 1 at a time (1 non blank) • Case issues • int or float will read until space • Stings same as int and float Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  47. Simple Input/Output • Screen Output: cout << d; cout << d1 << d2 ..; • Examples: int a,b,c; float z; cout << “Enter a,b,c: “; Enter a,b,c: 600 2 500 cin >> a >> b >> c; cout << a << 2*b << endl; 6004 z = sqrt(a + b * c); cout << “Result is “; cout << z; Result is 40.00 Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  48. Example Program : Hello.cpp // FILE: Hello.cpp // DISPLAYS A USER'S NAME #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main () { Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  49. Hello.cpp char letter1, letter2; string lastName; // Enter letters and print message. cout << "Enter 2 initials and last name: "; cin >> letter1 >> letter2 >> lastName; cout << "Hello " << letter1 << ". " << letter2 << ". " << lastName << "! "; cout << "We hope you enjoy studying C++." << endl; return 0; } Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

  50. Hello.cpp Program Input/output Enter 2 initials and last name: SAWolf Hello S. A. Wolf! We hope you enjoy studying C++. Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC

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