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Photo: “Tulalip Bay” by Diane L. Wilson-Simon

Photo: “Tulalip Bay” by Diane L. Wilson-Simon. ACCIDENT & INJURY PREVENTION. Instructor: Kerrie Murphy Edmonds Community College

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Photo: “Tulalip Bay” by Diane L. Wilson-Simon

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  1. Photo: “Tulalip Bay” by Diane L. Wilson-Simon

  2. ACCIDENT& INJURY PREVENTION Instructor: Kerrie Murphy Edmonds Community College This course is being supported under grant number SH16637SH7 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. With Thanks to & Cooperation of the Tulalip Occupational Safety & Health Administration (TOSHA)

  3. Introduction & Course Overview

  4. PROaction versus REaction • “Well that’s an accident waiting to happen…” • “Someone ought to do something…” That someone is YOU!

  5. Accident Prevention

  6. What Is An Accident? "9 1 1" "EVACUATE" CRASH F I R E # ! @ # *% ! Call an Ambulance

  7. What Is An Accident? "That Was Close" "Just Missed !" "Whhoooaaa!" # ! @ # *% ! Near Miss "Watch Out" Almost Hit L U C K Y

  8. An Accident is: • a. An unexpected and undesirable event, especially one resulting in damage or harm: car accidents on icy roads. • b. An unforeseen incident: A series of happy accidents led to his promotion. • c. An instance of involuntary urination or defecation in one's clothing. • 2. Lack of intention; chance: ran into an old friend by accident. • 3. Logic A circumstance or attribute that is not essential to the nature of something. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/accident

  9. Hazard • Existing or Potential Condition That Alone or Interacting With Other Factors Can Cause Harm • A Spill on the Floor • Broken Equipment

  10. Risk • A measure of the probability and severityof a hazard to harm human health, property, or the environment • A measure of how likely harm is to occur and an indication of how serious the harm might be Risk  0

  11. Safety FREEDOM FROM DANGER OR HARM Nothing is Free of BUT - We can almost always make something SAFER

  12. Safety Is Better Defined As…. A Judgement of the Acceptability of Risk

  13. RATIOS

  14. OSHA METHOD330 Incidents29 Minor Injuries1 Major or Loss-Time Accident

  15. Candy Jar Example

  16. FALL TO same level lower level CAUGHT in on between CONTACT WITH chemicals electricity heat/cold radiation BODILY REACTION FROM voluntary motion involuntary motion Types of Accidents

  17. STRUCK Against stationary or moving object protruding object sharp or jagged edge By moving or flying object falling object RUBBED OR ABRADED BY friction pressure vibration Types of Accidents (continued)

  18. Fatal Accidents - Workplace U.S. WORKPLACE FATALITIES - 2006 1. Vehicle Accidents 2413 2. Contact With Objects and Equipment 983 3. Falls 809 4. Assaults & Violent Acts 754

  19. Fatal Accidents - Workplace Washington State FATALITIES - 2006 1. Vehicle Accidents 40 2. Contact With Objects and Equipment 13 3. Falls 19 4. Assaults & Violent Acts 4 NO NOTE: If you wish to normalize or compare the Washington data with the Federal data, just multiply the Washington numbers by 47 (based on population)

  20. Basic Causes Management Environmental Equipment Human Behavior Indirect Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions Direct Causes Slips, Trips, Falls Caught In Run Over Chemical Exposure Accident Causing Factors

  21. Policy & Procedures Environmental Conditions Equipment/Plant Design Human Behavior Basic Causes Unsafe Conditions Indirect Causes Unsafe Acts Slip/Trip Fall Energy Release Pinched Between Direct Causes ACCIDENT Personal Injury Property Damage Potential/Actual

  22. Basic Causes • Management • Environment • Equipment • Human Behavior Systems &Procedures Natural & Man-made Design & Equipment

  23. Management • Systems & Procedures • Lack of systems & procedures • Availability • Lack of Supervision

  24. Environment • Physical • Lighting • Temperature • Chemical • vapors • smoke • Biological • Bacteria • Reptiles

  25. Environment

  26. Design and Equipment • Design • Workplace layout • Design of tools & equipment • Maintenance

  27. Design and Equipment • Equipment • Suitability • Stability • Guarding • Ergonomic • Accessibility

  28. Human Behavior Common to all accidents • Not limited to person involved in accident

  29. Human Factors • Omissions & Commissions • Deviations from SOP • Lacking Authority • Short Cuts • Remove guards

  30. Human Behavior is a function of : Activators(what needs to be done) Competencies(how it needs to be done) Consequences (what happens if it is/isn’t done)

  31. ABC Model Antecedents (trigger behavior) Behavior (human performance) Consequences (either reinforce or punish behavior)

  32. Only 4 Types of Consequences: • Positive Reinforcement (R+) ("Do this & you'll be rewarded") • Negative Reinforcement (R-) ("Do this or else you'll be penalized") Behavior • Punishment (P) • ("If you do this, you'll be penalized") • Extinction (E) • ("Ignore it and it'll go away")

  33. Consequences Influence Behaviors Based UponIndividualPerceptions of: { positive or negative Magnitude • Significance Impact Timing - immediate or future Consistency - certain or uncertain

  34. Human Behavior • Behaviors that have consequences that are: • Soon • Certain • Positive Have a stronger effect on people’s behavior

  35. Some examples of Consequences:

  36. Why is one sign often ignored, the other one often followed?

  37. Human Behavior • Soon • A consequence that followssoonafter a behavior has a stronger influence than consequences that occur later • Silence is considered to be consent • Failure to correct unsafe behavior influences employees to continue the behavior

  38. Human Behavior • Certain • A consequence that iscertainto follow a behavior has more influence than an uncertain or unpredictable consequence • Corrective Action must be: • Prompt • Consistent • Persistent

  39. Human Behavior • Positive • Apositive consequence influences behavior more powerfully than a negative consequence • Penalties and Punishment don’t work • Speeding Ticket Analogy

  40. Human Behavior • Example:Smokers find it hard to stop smoking because the consequences are: A) Soon (immediate) B) Certain (they happen every time) C) Positive (a nicotine high) The other consequences are: A) Late(years later) B) Uncertain(not all smokers get lung cancer) C) Negative(lung cancer)

  41. Deviations from SOP • No Safe Procedure • Employee Didn’t know Safe Procedure • Employee knew, did not follow Safe Procedure • Procedure encouraged risk-taking • Employee changed approved procedure

  42. Human Behavior • Thought Question: What would you do as a worker if you had to take 10-15 minutes to don the correct P.P.E. to enter an area to turn off a control valve which took 10 seconds?

  43. Human Behavior • Punishment or threatening workers is a behavioral method used by some Safety Management programs • Punishment only works if: • It is immediate • Occurs every time there is an unsafe behavior • This is very hard to do

  44. Human Behavior • The soon, certain, positivereinforcement from unsafe behavior outweighs the uncertain, late, negative reinforcement from inconsistent punishment • People tend to respond more positively to praise and social approval than any other factors

  45. Human Behavior • Some experts believe you can change worker’s safety behavior by changing their “Attitude” • Accident Report – “Safety Attitude” • A person’s “Attitude” toward any subject is linked with a set of other attitudes - Trying to change them all would be nearly impossible • A Behavior change leads to a new “Attitude” because people reduce tension between Behavior and their “Attitude”

  46. Attitudes however Are inside a person’s head -therefore they are notobservable nor measurableAttitudes can be changed by changing behaviors

  47. Human Behavior • “Attention” Behavioral Safety approach • Focuses on getting workers to pay “Attention” • Inability to control “Attention” is a contributing factor in many injuries • You can’t scare workers into a safety focus with “Pay Attention” campaigns

  48. Reasons for Lack of Attention 1. Technology encourages short attention spans (TV remote, Computer Mouse) 2. Increased Job Stress caused by uncertainty (mergers & downsizing) 3. Lean staffing and increased workloads require quick attention shifts between tasks 4. Fast pace of work – little time to learn new tasks and do familiar ones safely

  49. Reasons for Lack of Attention 5. Work repetition can lull workers into a loss of attention 6. Low level of loyalty shown to employees by an ever reorganizing employer may lead to: a) Disinterested workers b) Detached workers (no connection to employer) c) Inattentive workers

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