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Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence. Ocean Zones. Light penetration in the ocean. The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum. Only green and blue wavelengths pass through water a great distance. Light Penetration in the Ocean. Ocean Zones. What color/wavelength of light will animals use?. Light .

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Bioluminescence

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  1. Bioluminescence

  2. Ocean Zones

  3. Light penetration in the ocean The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Only green and blue wavelengths pass through water a great distance.

  4. Light Penetration in the Ocean

  5. Ocean Zones What color/wavelength of light will animals use?

  6. Light • Types of light production: • incandescence – light bulb • luminescence- fluorescence bulb • What is the difference between these types of light? • Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction

  7. What organisms that you know of have bioluminescence? Bioluminescence evolved in several kingdoms. Evolution: In early evolution, O2 was toxic. Some organisms were able to convert it to a nontoxic substance, which had the tendency to produce photons of light. This may have had a selective advantage to some organisms. Not found in freshwater organisms.

  8. Bioluminescence Chemical Reaction luciferase Luciferin + O2 oxyluciferin + light

  9. Types of Bioluminescence • Bacterial • Intrinsic Photobacterium

  10. Photophore (bacterial) Light emitting organ

  11. Cephalopod Photophore

  12. Examples of Bacterial Photophores: • fish, few squid, Pyrosoma (tunicate) • How do they get bacteria? • organ open to exterior (provide entrance for bacteria to enter) • potentially continuous luminescence Pyrosoma

  13. Bacterial photophores- 3 genera • Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship) • Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the rest (17) have make their own luminescence) • Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship) Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria

  14. Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular) • Examples of fish that have bacterial photophores: • Anglerfish (ceratioids) • Pinecone fish (Monocentrids) • Lantern eyes/flashlightfish (Anomalopids) • Ponyfishes/slipmouths (Leiognathids) • Ichthyococcus

  15. Intrinsic photophores: • Widely distributed, ex. Cookie cutter shark • Numerous photophores 1000’s • Make own luminescence • Control output of light (on and off)

  16. Control of Bioluminescence: • They can control biolum intensity by controlling blood supply to light organ (i.e., control the amt of O2 -- O2 decreases light intensity decreases) • Light control using a shield • Lid • Vascular control • Rotation of organ

  17. What are the advantages of using bioluminescence?

  18. Function of Bioluminescence • Reproductive advantage • Countershading • Escape and avoid predation • Species recognition • Feeding • In evolution

  19. Countershading

  20. Camouflage

  21. Some mesopelagic copepod species are red/black in color. Why?

  22. Malacosteus, possess a cheek photophore that emits a red light, which allows it to detect red animals.

  23. Communication squids- looking for mates.

  24. Predation Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.

  25. Burglar Alarm Theory

  26. Defense mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators. Photoblepharon- blink and run method.

  27. Other bioluminescent animals Ctenophore

  28. pterapods

  29. Firefly squid Deep sea squid

  30. Photophores on ventral surface Deep sea gulper

  31. Deep sea viper fish

  32. angler fish

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