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History of the English Language

History of the English Language. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. Nostratic: a proto-language. The Ancients. Wilfred van Soldt: "Mesopotamia gave us the wheel, writing and astronomy and can rightly call itself the birthplace of our civilisation." Mesopotamia Egypt China India

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History of the English Language

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  1. History of the English Language HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

  2. Nostratic: a proto-language

  3. The Ancients • Wilfred van Soldt: "Mesopotamia gave us the wheel, writing and astronomy and can rightly call itself the birthplace of our civilisation." • Mesopotamia • Egypt • China • India • More recently: Phoenicians, the Olmec, Greek, Romans

  4. Indo-European Diaspora

  5. Orange: countries with a majority of speakers of IE languages. Yellow: countries with an IE minority language with official status. Grey: countries with a significant minority of speakers of IE language with unofficial status.

  6. Hittite • Hittite • The Hittite verb "to be" is derived from the Indo-European root *h1es-. • Present indicative Preterite indicative Imperative • 1st sg. ēšmi ešun Ēšlit • ēšlut • ašallu • 2nd sg. ēšši ēšta Ēš • 3rd sg. ēšzi ēšta Ēšdu • 1st pl. (ašweni) ēšwen —— • 2nd pl. ēšteni ēšten ēšten • 3rd pl. ašanzi ešer ašandu

  7. Invasions of the Roman Empire

  8. Invasiones germánicas/Germanic invasions • Islas britanicas: Anglos, Sajones, Jutones. • Resto de Europa: Visigodos, ostrogodos, francos, suevos, alanos, vándalos. • Angles, Saxons, Jutes • Historiadores desde el punto de vista de Roma “invasión de los bárbaros” • Esp. vandalismo;Eng. vandalism, vandalize; It. vandalismo (destroy something that is beautiful or that belongs to someone else), Fr. vandalisme=barbarie= cruauté; Ger. vandalismus. • En otro punto de vista Völkerwanderung “migración de los pueblos” • El influjo genérico de las lenguas germánicas en el latín inició en el siglo I d.C. • Para la mayor parte de los germanismos del español hay paralelos en francés, provenzal e italiano.

  9. Lista de palabras • orgullo, ufano, guerra, riqueza, talar (devastar), rapar, robar, triscar (pisotear), estampar (aplastar), gana (avidez), guardar, botín, ropa (despojo, enseres robados), ganar, galardón (pago, indemnización), lastar (pagar, sufrir por otro), escarnir (escarnecer), honta (afrenta), bando, bandido, banda, bandera, guiar, espía, heraldo, barón (hombre apto para el combate), ardido (intrépido), sayón (el que hace la intimidación), estribo, brida, espuela, anca. albergue (campamento), burgo, feudo, , yelmo, esgrimir, blandir, dardo, tregua, guarir (guarecerse), • toldo, sala, banco, jabón, toalla, guante, fieltro, estofa, cofia, falda, atavío, sopa, aspa, tapa, estaca, guadaña, brote, parra, marta, tejón, ganso, blanco, gris, arpa, escanciar.

  10. List of Spanish words of Germanic origin • This is an initial list of many Spanish words that come from Germanic languages. It is further divided into words that come from Visigothic, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, English, and finally, words which come from Germanic with the specific source unknown. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Spanish words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements (see béisbol in the Middle English section). Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.

  11. Old English • Before circa 1150 • Middle English c 1150-c 1475 • Modern (New) English since c 1475

  12. Celtic languages left little trace • The working of convenience: The Anglo-Saxons took over the Celtic name simply because it was widely known. A similar pragmatism would be seen many times in the later development of place names (Crystal, 2004, p.26) • Words have meaning to do with features of the landscape, such as cumb/comb ‘deep valley’, dun ‘hill fort’, lin ‘lake’, and several words for ‘hill’ – torr, pen, crug, bre. • Celtic element is italicized in the following selection: • Berkshire, Bray, Bredon, Cambridge, Carlisle, Cirencester, Doncaster, Gloucester, Ilfracombe, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Malvern, Manchester, Penkridge, Penrith, Penzance, Wiltshire, Winchester, Worcester.

  13. Why England not Saxonland? • To the Celts, their German conquerors were all Saxons, but gradually the terms Angli(i) and Anglia crept into the language, also referring to the invaders generally. • About 150 years after the first raids, King Æthelbert of Kent was styled rexAnglorum by Pope Gregory. • The Venerable Bede, writing in Latin, composed a history of what he called “The English church and people”. In the vernacular, the people were Angelcynn (Angle-kin) and their language was Englisc. By AD 1000, the country was generally known as Englaland, the land of the Angles. (McCrum, 61) • Long period of varied usage, and we find such forms as Engleland, Englenelonde, Englelond, Engelond, and Ingland. The spelling of England emerged in the 14th century, and soon after became established as the norm. (Crystal, 2004, p.26-27)

  14. Statue of Alfred The Great at Winchester

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