Aim: Why do states cooperate with each other?

1. Aim: Why do states cooperate with each other? Do Now: What are some organizations that countries around the world can join? Why do they join them?

2. Key Terms • Supranationalism: formation of multi-state unions to benefit insiders and disadvantage outsiders (e.g. UN, NATO, NAFTA, EU) • Devolution: forces that divide and destabilize the traditional state (e.g. Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, more autonomy in Scotland and Wales)

3. I. Political and Military Cooperation • The United Nations (1945) • 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security • Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN: membership totals 193 countries. • 5 permanent members of Security Council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States • Mixed support on recent issues (e.g. overthrowing Saddam Hussein, Syria)

4. The United Nations Map of the World Olive Tree Branches

5. The United Nations • The Four Purposes of the UN: • to maintain international peace and security; • to develop friendly relations among nations; • to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights; • to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

6. UN Headquarters, NYC

7. Permanent Members

10. Other Issues UN Addresses • World Poverty • Human Rights • Declaration of Human Rights • Human Development • Human Development Index is a way to measure and compare levels of development around the world • UNICEF • Helps children • Diseases • Helped wipe out polio in Africa

11. Criticisms of UN • Failure to accomplish peacekeeping operations around world, especially Africa • Genocide in Rwanda (1994), Darfur (1999-) • Why? • Lack of resources, funds • Poor leadership • Failure to agree on action

12. NATO and Warsaw Pact (Military Alliances) • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): formed by western democracies; nations in this alliance pledged to support each other if any member nation was ever attacked • Warsaw Pact: formed by eastern communist governments (USSR and seven satellites); nations in this alliance promised each other mutual military cooperation

13. Military Alliances

15. Cold War Mentality • U.S. - Containment • U.S.S.R. - Satellites/buffer zones • Domino Theory • Key Events • Berlin Blockade and Airlift • Korean War • Cuban Missile Crisis • Vietnam War

17. Other Regional Organizations • Organization of American States (OAS): 35 states in Western Hemisphere • African Unity (AU): formerly Organization of African Unity (OAU); promotes economic integration in Africa • Commonwealth: promotes economic and cultural cooperation between the UK and 53 states that were once British colonies

18. Integration/ Interdependence

19. NAFTA • In 1992, the United States, Canada and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). • Trade pact to eliminate most tariffs and other trade barriers on products and services passing between the countries, establishing free trade among them.

20. II. Economic Cooperation • The European Union (EU) • Economic integration of 27 member European nations • Free movement of labor, goods and capital • Labor = can live and work anywhere in organization; Goods = no trade barriers; Capital = can buy, save and invest anywhere

21. Evolution of the EU • European Coal and Steel Community (1951): West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands • European Economic Community or EEC established by Treaty of Rome (1957) • European Community or Common Market (1971): Denmark, UK, and Ireland join • 1981: Greece joins • 1986: Spain and Portugal join • 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden join • Maastricht Treaty established EU (1992)

22. Current Status of EU • 27 countries, over 380 million people • 10 countries joined in 2004 • Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 • ?? Turkey • Criteria for membership • Stable democracy that protects human rights • Functioning market economy • Civil service capable of applying EU rules and standards

25. Austria5) Belgium1) Bulgaria7) Cyprus6) Czech Republic6) Denmark2) Estonia6) Finland5) France1) Germany1) * Greece3) Hungary6) Ireland2) Italy1) Latvia6) Lithuania6) Luxembourg1) Malta6) Netherlands 1) Poland 6) Portugal4) Romania7) Slovakia6) Slovenia6) Spain4) Sweden5) United Kingdom2) Year of entry: 1)1958 (founders), 2)1973, 3)1981, 4)1986, 5)1995, 6)2004, 7)2007. * After the German reunification in 1990, the former GDR territory joined the European Union. Croatia will probably join the EU in 2011. The Union is also talking with Turkey about how it will join the EU. Current EU Members

27. Austria Belgium Cyprus Finland France Germany Greece Ireland 9. Italy 10. Luxembourg 11. Malta 12. Netherlands 13. Portugal 14. Slovakia 15. Slovenia 16. Spain States Using Euro

28. States That Do Not Use Euro • United Kingdom • Bulgaria • Czech Rep. • Denmark • Estonia • Hungary • Latvia • Lithuania • Poland • Romania • Sweden • Norway UK uses pound and Denmark uses krone

30. This coin shows Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the famous Austrian composer, depicting Austria as a land of music. Castles and Portuguese Coats of Arms are incorporated in the midst of the European stars symbolizing "dialogue ... the exchange of values and the dynamics of the building of Europe". In the centre is a Royal Seal of 1144.

31. Europe Day = May 9 “United in Diversity”

33. Main headquarters = Brussels, Belgium (European Parliament, European Commission, Council of European Union)

34. What does the EU do? • Frontier-free single market. • Common currency (EURO) as of 2002 in 12 countries. • Support for less developed regions • Freedom to move. • Common rules about refugees and asylum seekers. • Investments in science, new technology, space exploration, food quality, and sustainable development.

35. Advantages of EU Large market -- comparable to the U.S. Single currency (EURO) -- reduces problems of currency exchange and instability Power in negotiating world trade and peacekeeping agreements Free movement: A person who has a passport of a European Union country can live and work in any of the 27 member countries without the need of a work permit or visa. For example a British person can move to Greece to work there or just to live there and he or she does not need permission from an authority in Greece

37. III. Forces of devolution • Ethnonationalism: ethnic groups see themselves as distinct nations with the right to control their own territory. • Breakup of Yugoslavia into Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and Yugoslavia (Serbia + Montenegro) • Breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia

41. Extra Info • Ethnonationalism = ethnic groups see themselves as distinct nations with the right to control their own territory. • Basque and Catalonia in Spain • Soviet Union breaks into Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, etc. • Yugoslavia becomes Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and Yugoslavia (Serbia + Montenegro) • Czechoslovakia. Slovakia’s population is 11% Hungarian • French Canadians • Sri Lanka where Hindu minority seeks independence from Buddhist majority

42. III. Forces of devolution • Economic Forces: Poor regions can feel disadvantaged by wealthier ones, or wealthier regions can feel put upon by subsidies to poorer ones. • Italy: the richer North pushed for autonomy from poorer South (the Mezzorgiorno). Despite subsidies, the development gap is growing. • Spain: Catalonians have 6% of territory, 17% of population, but 25% of exports, and 40% of industrial product. Devolutionary demands by Catalonian nationalists. • Brazil: Wealthier provinces of southern Brazil argue their tax money is being misspent by the government for assistance to Amazonia. Southerners have at times demanded independence.

43. III. Forces of devolution • Spatial Influences • Problems tend to occur at the edges or boundaries of countries. • Devolution is aided by distance, remoteness, and peripheral locations. • Islands are often problems • Corsica for France • Sardinia for Italy • Taiwan for China • East Timor for Indonesians • Puerto Rico for the U.S. • In 1997, native Hawaiians demanded return of rights lost during “occupation” by the U.S.

44. Scotland and Devolution • In a 1997 poll, people in Scotland were asked whether they felt they were Scottish or British. They answered as follows: • Belief that they were Scottish – 28% • Belief that they were more Scottish than British – 35% • Belief that they were equally British and Scottish – 29% • Belief that they were more British than Scottish – 3% • Belief that they were British and not Scottish – 3% • No thoughts on the issue – 2% • In 1999, the British Parliament agreed to allow Scotland to become more autonomous, especially with regard to self rule and issues related to paying taxes, thereby giving Scotland their own Parliament.

45. Scotland - Devolution

46. Scotland - Devolution

47. http://www.learner.org/powerofplace/page3.html