The Faculty

1. The Faculty Course Director Michael Boysen

2. Sports Medicine Mingus Union High School

3. Introduction to Anatomy What is anatomy and why am I here?

4. GROSS ANATOMY: the study of large (gross) structures that can be seen with the naked eye

5. 2 WAYS TO STUDY GROSS ANATOMY Regional Anatomy: Studying all the structures in an area together; e.g., the lower extremity includes bones, muscles, nerves, and vessels. Systemic Anatomy: Studying a complete system independent of region.

6. THE CADAVER IS THE BEST TOOL FOR LEARNING GROSS ANATOMY TO LEARN MORE ABOUT CADAVERS, READ

7. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY: the study of small structures that can only be seen with a microscope (HISTOLOGY)

8. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY: the study of the structural changes that occur in the body over the course of a lifetime PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT: FERTILIZATION TO BIRTH

9. NEUROANATOMY: the study of the nervous system

10. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY: the structural changes in organs, tissues and cells caused by disease

11. Clinical Anatomy • Relationship of structure and function • Emphasized throughout course • Clinical correlations • Assigned clinical correlations in textbook • Case studies and problem solving • Evaluation of case studies and application of anatomical knowledge

12. HIERARCHY OF ORGANIZATION 1. Cell – Basic unit of structure and function. 2. Tissue – Group of similar cells that function together. 3. Organ – Group of tissues that work together for a common function . 4. System – Group of organs working together for a common function 5. Organism – The human body is composed of many systems.

13. In this course we will mainly deal with these three major systems The NERVOUS System CARDIOVASCULAR System MUSCULOSKELETAL System We will also cover the following systems DIGESTIVE System IMMUNE System URINARY System REPRODUCTIVE System ENDOCRINE System

14. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY A STANDARDIZED NOMENCLATURE UNDERSTOOD BY HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS THAT CAN BE USED WORLD-WIDE WHY USE ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY? TO FACILITATE COMMUNICATION AMONG HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

15. MOST ANATOMICAL TERMS CONSIST OF A PREFIX, A ROOT, AND A SUFFIX ANA/TOM/Y • ANA (PREFIX): APART • TOM (ROOT): TO CUT • Y (SUFFIX): STUDY OF STUDY OF [THE BODY] BY CUTTING [IT] APART You will be learning approximately 2000 new terms during this course. Don’t leave it till the last minute to study them!

16. The Language of Anatomy Some common abbreviations: • ‘m’ for muscle (‘mm’ for more than one muscle) • ‘n’ (‘nn’) for nerve(s) • ‘a’ (‘aa’) for artery(s) • ‘v’ (‘vv’) for vein(s)

17. ANATOMICAL POSITION REFERENCE FOR ALL TERMS OF POSITION AND DIRECTION BODY STANDING ERECT FACE TOWARD OBSERVER CHIN PARALLEL TO THE FLOOR ARMS HANG LOOSELY AT THE SIDES PALMS FACE FORWARD FEET PARALLEL, SLIGHTLY APART NOT NATURAL, NOT COMFORTABLE

18. TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION MEDIAL: toward the body’s midline LATERAL: away from body’s midline ANTERIOR (VENTRAL): towards the front of the body POSTERIOR (DORSAL): towards the back of the body SUPERIOR (CRANIAL): nearer to the head INFERIOR (CAUDAL): nearer to the feet

19. TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION PROXIMAL: nearer to the point of origin (organ) or attachment (limb) DISTAL: further from the point of origin (organ) or attachment (limb)

20. TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL): nearer to the surface DEEP (INTERNAL): farther from the surface

21. X TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION IPSILATERAL: on the same side CONTRALATERAL: on the opposite side UNILATERAL: on one side BILATERAL: on both sides

22. PLANES OF SECTION PARASAGITTAL PLANE [MID]SAGITTAL PLANE TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL) PLANE FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE

23. AXES AND PLANES OF MOVEMENT LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR

24. AXES OF ROTATION / PLANES OF MOVEMENT: MEDIAL AND LATERAL ROTATION ROTATION ABOUT A LONGITUDINAL AXIS MOVEMENT IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE: LONGITUDINAL AXIS ROTATION: turning a bone around its own long axis: 1. MEDIAL ROTATION: turning toward the body’s midline 2. LATERAL ROTATION: turning away from the body’s midline ROTATION OF THE ARM

25. AXES OF ROTATION/ PLANES OF MOVEMENT ROTATION ABOUT AN ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS MOVEMENT IN THE CORONAL PLANE: ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION

26. ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION a. Abduction: moves the bone away from the midline, increasing the angle b. Adduction: moves the bone toward the midline, decreasing the angle ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS ABDUCTION OF THE SHOULDER

27. AXES OF ROTATION/ PLANES OF MOVEMENT ROTATION ABOUT A HORIZONTAL AXIS MOVEMENT IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE: FLEXION AND EXTENSION

28. FLEXION/EXTENSION • a. Flexion: decreases the angle between the • participating bones • b. Extension: increases the angle between the • participating bones TRANSVERSE AXIS FLEXION OF THE SHOULDER

29. MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS • TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENTS: • GLIDING movements in which relatively flat articular surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another; there is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones

30. GLIDING GLIDING AT THE INTERCARPAL JOINTS

31. NAMING OF BODY REGIONS

32. REGIONS OF THE BODY 8 & 9 HEAD AND NECK 3. THORAX 1. TRUNK [TORSO] 2. UPPER LIMB 4. ABDOMEN 5. PELVIS 6. LOWER LIMB

33. OCCIPITAL NUCHAL ACROMIAL DORSAL OLECRANAL LUMBAR GLUTEAL FEMORAL GENICULAR POPLITEAL FOSSA SURAL CALCANEAL PLANTAR FRONTAL FACIAL CRANIAL CERVICAL BRACHIAL THORACIC AXILLARY CUBITAL FOSSA ANTEBRACHIAL COXAL CARPAL INGUINAL POLLEX PALMAR DIGITAL ABDOMINAL PELVIC PATELLAR FEMORAL TIBIAL CRURAL TARSAL HALLUX PEDAL

34. HEAD AND NECK REGIONS

35. BODY CAVITIES CRANIAL CAVITY DORSAL BODY CAVITY VERTEBRAL CAVITY

36. VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEDIASTINUM PERICARDIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY PLEURAL CAVITY THORACIC DIAPHRAGM ABDOMINAL CAVITY ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY

37. SKELETAL SYSTEM Comprised of BONE and CARTILAGE

38. AXIAL SKELETON • Forms the MAIN AXIS of the body • Has 80 named bones • 3 Regions; Skull, Vertebral column, and Thoracic cage • Supports the Head, Neck and Trunk • Protects the Brain, Spinal Cord and Thoracic organs

39. APPENDICULAR SKELETON • Bones of the Upper and Lower LIMBS • Is attached to the AXIAL skeleton via 2 GIRDLES; PECTORAL and PELVIC • Allows movement of the limbs and LOCOMOTION of the body

40. SKELETAL SYSTEM • FUNCTIONS • SUPPORT – The skeleton is a FRAMEWORK that supports the weight of the body. • MOVEMENT - Bones are sites of muscle attachment and muscles use bones as LEVERS to move the body. • PROTECTION - Particularly the AXIAL skeleton • MINERAL STORAGE – Mostly Calcium and Phosphate • BLOOD-CELL FORMATION - In RED MARROW • ENERGY STORAGE– Fat in YELLOW MARROW

41. TYPES OF BONES

42. Head – bony expansion carried on a narrow neck Facet– smooth, nearly flat articular surface Condyle – “knuckle”--rounded articular projection Ramus – arm-like bar of bone—e.g. mandible Bone Markings 1 :- Projections that Help to Form Joints

43. Tuberosity – rounded projection Tubercle – small rounded projection Epicondyle – raised area above a condyle Spine – sharp, slender projection Process – any bony prominence Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone Line – narrow ridge of bone Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface Bone Markings 2:- Projections for Attachment of Muscles and Ligaments

44. Bone Markings 3 :- Depressions and Openings Meatus – canal-like passageway--auditory Sinus– cavity within a bone Fossa – shallow, basin-like depression, e.g. supraspinous fossa on scapula. Groove – furrow Fissure – narrow, slit-like opening Foramen – round or oval opening through a bone

45. Cartilage • Is surrounded by perichondrium • Consists primarily of water • Resilient tissue – springs back to original shape