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C H A P T E R 9

C H A P T E R 9. Complex Cognitive Processes. Learning Goals. Discuss conceptual understanding and strategies for teaching concepts. Describe several types of thinking and ways that teachers can foster them. Take a systematic approach to problem solving.

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C H A P T E R 9

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  1. C H A P T E R 9 Complex Cognitive Processes

  2. Learning Goals • Discuss conceptual understanding and strategies for teaching concepts. • Describe several types of thinking and ways that teachers can foster them. • Take a systematic approach to problem solving. • Define transfer and explain how to enhance it as a teacher.

  3. Complex Cognitive Processes Conceptual Understanding What Are Concepts? Promoting Concept Formation

  4. Conceptual Understanding Conceptsare categories that group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties. Concept Formation 1. Identify the features of a concept. 2. Define the concept and give clear examples. 3. Concept maps offer a visual representation of a concept’s hierarchical organization. 4. Develop hypotheses about what the concept is and what it is not. 5. Prototype matching compares the item with similar items in a category.

  5. Concept Map

  6. Promoting Concept Formation • Use the rule-example strategy • Help students learn what a concept is and what it is not • Provide clear, concrete examples • Relate new concepts to already-known concepts • Create concepts maps • Generate hypotheses about concepts • Prototype matching • Check for understanding and generalization

  7. Enter the Debate Can teachers teach students to think? YES NO

  8. Complex Cognitive Processes Thinking Creative Thinking What IsThinking? Decision Making Reasoning Critical Thinking

  9. Thinking …involves manipulating and transforming information in memory.

  10. is thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating the evidence. Ways Teachers Encourage Thinking Help students construct their own thinking Use thinking-based questions Provide positive role models for thinking Be a thinking role model for students Keep up-to-date on latest developments in thinking Critical Thinking…

  11. Decision Making Decision making involves thinking in which individuals evaluate alternatives and make choices among them. Confirmation bias: The tendency to search for information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them. Belief perseverance: The tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence.

  12. Decision Making Overconfidence bias: The tendency to have more confidence in judgments and decisions than we should, based on past experience. Hindsight bias: The tendency to falsely report, after the fact, that we accurately predicted the event.

  13. Creative Thinking …is the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems. Convergent ThinkingProduces one correct answer. Divergent ThinkingProduces many answers to the same question.

  14. Ways to Improve Creativity Provide stimulating environments Encourage creative thinking on an individual and group basis Encourage internal motivation Involve creative people Guide students to be persistent and delay gratification

  15. Ways to Improve Creativity cont’d Guide students to help them think in flexible ways Don’t overcontrol students Encourage students to take risks Build students’ confidence

  16. Complex Cognitive Processes Problem Solving Problem-Based Learning & Project-Based Learning Steps in Problem Solving Obstacles to Solving Problems Developmental Changes

  17. Problem Solving …involves finding an appropriate way to attain a goal. • Find and frame problems • Develop good strategies: • Subgoaling • Algorithms • Heuristics • Means-ends analysis • Evaluate solutions • Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

  18. Obstacles to Problem Solving Fixation Lack of Motivation Lack of Persistence Inadequate Emotional Control

  19. Developmental Changes • Children’s ability to use rules increases • Children become better planners • Increased complexity of problem solving • More effective strategic problem solving

  20. Problem-Based Learning emphasizes solving authentic problems like those that occur in daily life. Problem- and Project-Based Learning Project-Based Learning emphasizes students working on real, meaningful problems to create tangible products.

  21. Problem-Based Learning Problem-Based Learning emphasizes solving authentic problems like those that occur in daily life. • Provide opportunities to solve real-world problems • Monitor effective/ineffective strategies • Involve parents • Improve students’ use of rules, knowledge, and strategies • Use technology effectively

  22. Complex Cognitive Processes Transfer Types of Transfer What Is Transfer?

  23. Types of Transfer

  24. High-road transfer can be …

  25. Crack the CaseThe Case of the Statistics Test • What are the issues in this case? • What went wrong for Cassandra? • What should she do differently if she wants to do better on the next test? • If you were the teacher of Cassandra’s class, how would you help your students to prepare for this type of test?

  26. Reflection & Observation Reflection: • What strategies have your teachers used to encourage complex thinking? • Why were they effective?

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