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Today

Today. Especially vulnerable populations Children 4 faces of hunger Starvation/Famine Malnutrition/Undernutrition Micro-nutrient deficiencies Nutrition-depleting illnesses Time trajectories of hunger Geographies of hunger. Especially vulnerable populations I.

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Today

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  1. Today • Especially vulnerable populations • Children • 4 faces of hunger • Starvation/Famine • Malnutrition/Undernutrition • Micro-nutrient deficiencies • Nutrition-depleting illnesses • Time trajectories of hunger • Geographies of hunger

  2. Especially vulnerable populations I • Increased likelihood of malnutrition and more serious consequences • Women in general due to cultural traditions that privilege food to males • Pregnant women • Poor nutrition low birth weight babies • Developmental problems for baby physically and mentally • Reduced resistance to diseases • Less able to breast feed ( less resistance for the baby as well)

  3. Especially vulnerable populations II • Lactating women • Poor nutrition seldom greatly interferes with ability to produce milk • But, poor nutrition does deplete the mother's body of necessary nutrients • If nutrition is not better between end of lactation and next pregnancy spiral down to chronic anemia etc. • Elderly • Ability to fend off infections is reduced with great age and malnutrition hurts that as well

  4. Especially vulnerable populations III • Children • Malnutrition in infants and children very problematic if timing coincides with critical growth processes • Up to age 5 risk is greatest • Especially at weaning age (approx 2 yrs) • Due to impure water used to make weaning foods (not sufficiently boiled due to lack of fuel) and general low hygiene => • Kids die from diarrheal diseases and dehydration and malnutrition • Weaning foods are typically not nutrient-rich enough (e.g., maize gruels)

  5. Four Faces of Hunger I • I. Starvation/Famine • Widespread to complete lack of protein/calorie nutrition • A small percentage of global hunger – perhaps 1% at risk annually • Leads to increased mortality (usually to infectious diseases not starvation per se) • Great social disruption => increased problems with diseases and access to food • In any famine not all starve – the well off can buy food -- thus NOT usually only a simple shortage

  6. Four Faces of Hunger II • II. Malnutrition/Undernutrition • Seasonal or periodic P/C under-nutrition • Most serious effects on kids and special needs adults (pregnant and lactating women, the elderly) • measures of malnutrition in children • Stunting - stature too short for age/sex (adjusted for local norms) => chronic • Wasting – weight too light for age/sex (adjusted for local norms) => acute

  7. Four Faces of Hunger III • III. Micro-nutrient deficiencies • Vitamin and mineral shortages • Sometimes called “hidden hunger” • IV. Nutrition-depleting illnesses • Secondary malnutrition • Most common nutrient depleting diseases are infant/weanling diarrheas – 5 million deaths annually world wide

  8. Global Hunger • Global situation late 1990s • Data drawn from FAO’s SOFA report 2007 • http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1200e/a1200e00.htm • The International Food Policy Research Institute: • http://www.ifpri.org/media/20071012GHI.asp • The concept of “food security”

  9. Global Trajectories of Hunger I • Proportions undernourished (or food insecure) • Late 1970s ~ 28% • Late 1990s ~17% • Thus, some real progress • Millennium Development Goals and not met • Micro-nutrient deficiencies • Iron: 40% of global south • Iodine: 12% of global south • Vitamin A: 14% of kids in global south

  10. Global Trajectories of Hunger II • Absolute numbers undernourished (or food insecure) • 1970s ~ 900m; 2000 ~ > 800 m • => decrease of ~ 100m in absolute numbers (but smaller %) • Children 1993 ~ 200 m; now ~ 175 m • World food summit target (MDG) in 2015 => 400m • Current trajectory => 475-500m by 2015 • Progress in some places, regression in others

  11. Regional differences malnourished or food insecure • Global South (i.e., the global poor) • Sub-Saharan Africa • E. Asia, SE Asia, & Pacific • South Asia • Latin America & Caribbean • Near East & N. Africa • Developed Economies (mostly N America)

  12. Source: FAO

  13. Source: FAO

  14. Number of malnourished children, 1993, 2010, and 2020 Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations.

  15. Source: FAO SOFA 2007

  16. Source: IFPRI Global Hunger Index 2007

  17. Source: FAO SOFA 2007

  18. Countries with food shortfalls – requiring assistance

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