Pesticides: Uses and Types Benefits

1. Pesticides: Uses and TypesBenefits Chapter 12 APES January 2007

2. General Facts about Pesticides Went from zero sales in the 1950’s to 33 billion for 2.6 million metric tons 1999. 90% of all pesticides worldwide are used in agriculture or food storage and shipping.

3. General Facts about Pesticides Wealthy countries consume ¾ of the pesticides. Developing countries 7-9% growth a year Developed countries 2-4% growth a year

4. Pesticide Types • Inorganic pesticides • Natural organic pesticides • Fumigants • Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Organophosphates • Carbamates • Microbial Agents and Biological Controls

5. Inorganic pesticides • Contains arsenic, copper, lead, or mercury. • Highly toxic • They may be leached out of the system by water, wind and erosion... • Essentially indestructible • neurotoxins

6. Natural organic pesticides • Have a narrow target range and a very specific mode of action; • Are slow acting; • Have relatively critical application times; • Suppress, rather than eliminate, a pest population; • Have limited field persistence and a short shelf life; • Are safer to humans and the environment than conventional pesticides; • Present no residue problems

7. Natural organic pesticides • Extracted from plants • Nicotine from tobacco • Turpentine • Phenols • Rotenone from the roots of deris and cube plants • Aromatic oils from conifers

8. Fumigants • Small molecules • Gasify easily • Penetrate rapidly • Used to sterilize soil • Prevent decay • Stop rodent or insect infestation of grain supplies • Extremely dangerous for workers who apply them.

9. Fumigants • Dibromochloropropane

10. Fumigants • Carbon tetrachloride

11. Fumigants • Carbon disulfide

12. Fumigants • Ethylene dichloride

13. Fumigants • Ethylene dibromide

14. Fumigants • Methylene bromide

15. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Organochloride is another name for them • Synthetic organic insecticides • Inhibit nerve membrane ion transport • Block nerve signal transmission

16. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Fast acting • Highly toxic • Persist in the soil for decades • Bioaccumulate in the food chain • Stored in the fatty tissues of some organisms

17. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • DDT • Chlorodane • Aldrin • Dieldrin • Toxaphene • Pradichlorobenzene • lindane

18. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • DDT

19. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Chlorodane

20. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Aldrin

21. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Dieldrin

22. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Toxaphene

23. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Pardichlorobenzene

24. Chlorinated hydrocarbons • lindane

25. Organophosphates • Outgrowth of nerve gas used in WWII. • They inhibit an enzyme called cholinesterase, essential for removing excess neurotransmitter from synapses in the peripheral nervous system. • Extremely toxic to birds, mammals, and fish…single drop is lethal. • Only last hours or days in the environs. • Dangerous for workers to apply them

26. Organophosphates • Parathion • Malathion • Dichlorvos • Dimethyldichlorovinlyphosphate • tetraethylpyrophosphate

27. Organophosphates • Parathion

28. Organophosphates • Malathion

29. Organophosphates • Dichlorvos

30. Organophosphates • Dimethyldichlorovinylphosphate

31. Organophosphates • tetraethylpyrophosphate

32. Carbamates Share organiphosphate properties of: • mode of action • Toxicity • lack of environmental persistence • low bioaccumulation • Extremely toxic to bees

33. Carbamates • Sevin

34. Carbamates • Aldicarb

35. Carbamates • Amniocarb

36. Carbamates • Carbofuran

37. Carbamates • mirex

38. Microbial Agents and Biological Controls Living organisms used in the place of pesticides. Link to cornell

39. Pesticide Use and Types EPA Data World Data EPA 10 years of data EPA Look up use of each pesticide