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Alcohol

Alcohol. Chapter 8. Learning Outcomes. Describes the sources of alcohol and the calories it provides Define standard serving sizes of alcoholic beverages and the term moderate drinking Summarize how alcoholic beverages are produced

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Alcohol

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  1. Alcohol Chapter 8

  2. Learning Outcomes • Describes the sources of alcohol and the calories it provides • Define standard serving sizes of alcoholic beverages and the term moderate drinking • Summarize how alcoholic beverages are produced • Outline the process of alcohol absorption, transport and metabolism

  3. Learning Outcomes • Define binge drinking and explain how it increases the risk of alcohol poisoning • Explain how alcohol consumption affects blood alcohol concentration • Describe guidelines for using alcohol safely • Discuss potential benefits of using alcohol • Summarize the risks of alcohol consumption

  4. Learning Outcomes • Describe the effects of chronic alcohol use on the body and nutritional status • List the signs of alcohol dependency and abuse • Outline the methods used to diagnose alcohol abuse • List the strategies and resources available for the treatment of alcoholism

  5. Alcohol can be made from many sources

  6. Sources of Alcohol • Contains 7 kcal/gm • Beer, wine, distilled spirits, liqueurs, cordials and hard cider • Vary in alcohol and caloric content • Standard drink provides 15 g of alcohol • 12 oz beer, 10 oz wine cooler, 5 oz wine or 1.5 oz of hard liquor • Moderate intake • 1 drink a day for women • 1-2 drinks a day for men

  7. How those calories add up… • 5 oz wine 120 • 5 oz champagne 95 • Wine cooler 210 • Guiness 210 • Lite beer 140 • 1 shot hard liquor 50 • 1 shot Bailey’s 160 • Rum and coke 180 • Martini 220 • Margarita (restaurant) 540 • Pina colada (restaurant) 650 • 4 pints of beer = 4 x 180 = 720 kcal • 1 bottle of wine = 5-6 glasses x 120 =650 kcal

  8. Production of Alcoholic Beverages • Fermentation • Must get carbohydrate to monosaccharide form • Keep sugar + yeast + water at room temp • Yeast uses sugar for energy to make more yeast • Oxygen depletes and yeast ferments sugar to ETOH and carbon dioxide • If a starch must be malted: grains sprouts and makes enzymes that break sugars to simple sugars • Distillation • Separating the alcohol out of the product • Boil off alcohol, save vapors and condense to make hard alcohol

  9. We drink Ethanol

  10. Alcohol Absorption and Metabolism • Alcohol is absorbed throughout the GI tract by simple diffusion • Metabolism • Low to moderate intakes • Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway • ETOH Acetaldehydate Acetyl- CoA

  11. Alcohol Absorption and Metabolism • Moderate to excessive intakes • Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) • Liver treats alcohol as foreign substance • Similar to ADH pathway but requires energy • Pathway becomes more efficient with increasing alcohol intake- allows “tolerance” • Same pathway used to metabolize drugs, but alcohol metabolism takes precedence • Catalase pathway • Plays minor role

  12. Alcohol Absorption and Metabolism

  13. Alcohol Metabolism • Factors affecting alcohol metabolism • Ethnicity, gender and age • Alcoholic content, amount consumed, individual’s usual intake • Rate of alcohol metabolism • Average ½ drink an hour • Blood alcohol levels rise • Intoxication and alcohol poisoning • Binge Drinking (4+ drinks females, 5+ for males in single sitting)

  14. How much is too much?

  15. Estimated alcohol concentration by number of drinks for average 130# female Peak usually 30-90 min after drinking

  16. Estimated alcohol concentration by number of drinks for average 175# male Peak usually 30-90 min after drinking

  17. Alcohol Consumption in North American • 62% adults consume alcohol • 70% of college students who drink, at least 45% engage in binge drinking • 4% of US population is alcohol dependent • 9% of young adults are alcohol dependent • By age 14/15 almost half have consumed alcohol

  18. Health Effects • Guidelines for Using Alcohol Safely • Drink in moderation • Should not be consumed by some individuals • Should not be consumed during some activities

  19. Health Effects • Potential Benefits • Appetite stimulant • Cardiovascular benefits

  20. Risks of Excessive Alcohol Intake • A hangover describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of alcohol. • Headaches, dry mouth, and lethargy: Ethanol increases urine production (dehydration) which leads to decreased fluids in brain • Nausea: Alcohol's irritates the stomach lining • Fatigue, weakness, mood disturbances and decreased attention and concentration: three enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle are inhibited leads to low blood sugar and prevents gluconeogenesis • Acetaldehyde (ethanal) is between 10 and 30 times more toxic than alcohol itself

  21. Risks of Excessive Alcohol Intake • TRUE OR FALSE: some drinks are more likely to cause hangovers? • TRUE OR FALSE: Drinking coffee or taking cold showers will help bring your blood alcohol content down • TRUE OR FALSE: eating and drinking water will help bring your blood alcohol content down • TRUE OR FALSE: some people are more or less prone to hangovers, even if age, gender, and size are equal

  22. Risks of Excessive Alcohol Intake • Alcohol affects many organs and systems • Brain, heart damage, high blood pressure • Cancers: oral cavity, esophagus, trachea, larynx and throat • Cirrhosis of the liver

  23. Health Effects of Excessive EtOH

  24. Cirrhosis

  25. Alcohol Posioning

  26. Beer belly • The average adult drinker gets around 10 percent of his/her total daily calories from an alcoholic beverage • When you drink alcohol, the liver burns alcohol instead of fat • Gender, age, smoking, genetics • Treatment options

  27. Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Nutritional Status • Water soluble vitamin deficiency common (why?) • Thiamin • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome • Niacin • B-12 and B6 • Folate • Fat soluble vitamins • A, D, E and K

  28. Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Nutritional Status • Minerals • Calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron • Protein-energy malnutrition

  29. Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding • Most severe damage occurs in the first 12-16 weeks of pregnancy • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Fetal alcohol effects • Breastfeeding • Alcohol does pass through breast milk

  30. FAS

  31. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism • Alcohol Abuse • Alcohol Dependency (Alcoholism) • Genetic influences • Effect of gender • Age of onset of drinking • Ethnicity • Mental health

  32. How drugs work

  33. Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism • Determining whether a problem exists • 75% of people with alcohol problems do not seek treatment • Recovery from alcoholism • Medications • Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

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