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Activating Strategy- chapter 9

Activating Strategy- chapter 9. Create a Venn Diagram: Compare & Contrast the endocrine and nervous systems? Use the terms below: FAST-ACTING vs. SLOW-ACTING Released into blood Produce hormones as chemical messenger Use neurotransmitters as messengers

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Activating Strategy- chapter 9

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  1. Activating Strategy- chapter 9 • Create a Venn Diagram: Compare & Contrast the endocrine and nervous systems? Use the terms below: • FAST-ACTING vs. SLOW-ACTING • Released into blood • Produce hormones as chemical messenger • Use neurotransmitters as messengers • Transmit nervous impulses via action potential • Acts on effector organs/gland • Stimulates glands • Control bodily functions • Bind receptors • 2nd messenger vs. 1st messenger

  2. The Endocrine SystemEQ: How does the endocrine system help regulate bodily functions?

  3. GPS • SAP3. Students will assess the integration and coordination of body functions and their dependence on the endocrine and nervous systems to regulate physiological activities. • a. Interpret interactions among hormones, senses, and nerves which make possible the coordination of functions of the body. • c. Describe how the body perceives internal and external stimuli and responds to maintain a stable internal environment, as it relates to biofeedback.

  4. Endocrine Organs

  5. The Endocrine System 2nd-messenger system of the body (NS is 1st messenger system) Response: Slow acting vs. NS which is fast-acting Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood Hormones control several major processes: Reproduction Growth & development Mobilization of body defenses Maintenance of homeostasis Regulation of metabolism

  6. Hormone Overview Hormones are produced by specialized cells Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids Blood transfers hormones to target sites These hormones regulate the activity of other cells

  7. The Chemistry of Hormones Hormones are classified chemically as Amino acid–based, which includes: Proteins Peptides Amines Steroids—made from cholesterol Prostaglandins—made from highly active lipids

  8. Mechanisms of Hormone Action Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (target cells or target organs) Target cells must have specific protein receptors Hormone-binding alters cellular activity

  9. Effects Caused by Hormones Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state, i.e. makes membrane permeable to sodium. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes. Activation or inactivation of enzymes. Stimulation of mitosis. Promotes secretion of material from vesicles of cell.

  10. The Chemistry of Hormones Two mechanisms in which hormones act Direct gene activation- (make new protein) 2nd-messenger system

  11. Direct Gene Activation (Steroid Hormone Action) Nucleus Steroidhormone Cytoplasm • Hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane of target cells • Enter the nucleus • Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus • Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA • Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins Receptor protein Hormone-receptorcomplex DNA mRNA Newprotein Plasmamembraneof targetcell

  12. Second-Messenger System (Nonsteroid Hormone Action) Cytoplasm Nonsteroidhormone (1stmessenger) • Hormone binds to a membrane receptor, but does not enter the cell • Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme • Enzyme catalyzes a rxn that produces a 2nd-messenger molecule • It oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response Enzyme ATP 2ndmessenger cAMP Receptorprotein Effect on cellular function,such as glycogenbreakdown Plasmamembraneof target cell

  13. Control of Hormone Release Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by negative feedback A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached Stimulus is either HORMONAL, HUMERAL or NEURAL.

  14. Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Most common stimuli Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones Examples: Anterior pituitary hormones

  15. Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Figure 9.2a

  16. Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release Humoral indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile Examples: Parathyroid hormone (stimulated by blood Ca2+ levels) Calcitonin (stimulated by blood Ca2+ levels) Insulin (stimulated by blood glucose levels)

  17. Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Figure 9.2b

  18. Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Ex). the release of neutotransmitters (NT) like norepinephrine (NEpi) & epinephrine (Epi) by the adrenal medulla

  19. Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Figure 9.2c

  20. Major Endocrine Organs Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pineal gland Thymus gland Pancreas Gonads (Ovaries and Testes) Hypothalamus

  21. Location of Major Endrocrine Organs Figure 9.3

  22. Endocrine Organs

  23. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (1 of 4)

  24. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (2 of 4)

  25. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (3 of 4)

  26. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (4 of 4)

  27. A. Pituitary Gland Size of a pea Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain Protected by the sphenoid bone Has two functional lobes: Anterior pituitary—glandular tissue Posterior pituitary—nervous tissue Often called the “master endocrine gland”

  28. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Six anterior pituitary hormones Two affect non-endocrine targets Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) 4 stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone)- (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2 gonadotropic hormones- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & leutenizing hormone (LH).

  29. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones Proteins (or peptides) Act through 2nd-messenger systems Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback

  30. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Figure 9.4

  31. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) General metabolic hormone Affects muscular & skeletal system mostly: Major effects are on growth of skeletal muscles, long bones & joints. Plays a role in determining final body size Causes amino acids to be built into proteins Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

  32. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) disorders Pituitary dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood Gigantism results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood Acromegaly results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

  33. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gigantism Figure 9.5a

  34. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Prolactin (PRL): Target: mammary glands Stimulates & maintains milk production following childbirth Function in males is unknown Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Target: adrenal cortex Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Target: Thyroid gland Influences growth & activity of the thyroid gland

  35. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropic hormones Target: gonads (testes, ovaries) Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates follicle development in ovaries (oogenesis) Stimulates sperm development in testes (spermatogenesis) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Triggers ovulation of an egg in females Stimulates testosterone production in males

  36. Pituitary–Hypothalamus Relationship Hormonal release is regulated by releasing & inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus Hypothalamus produces two hormones: These hormones are transported to & stored in the posterior pituitary Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) The posterior pituitary is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones

  37. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin Target: Mammary glands, uterine muscles Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding by positive feedback Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ vasopressin Target: kidney Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure

  38. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Figure 9.6

  39. Pituitary Control

  40. B. Thyroid Gland • Found at the base of the throat • Produces two hormones • Thyroid hormone (TH) • Calcitonin

  41. Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormone Major metabolic hormone Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones Thyroxine (T4)—secreted by thyroid follicles Triiodothyronine (T3)—conversion of T4 at target tissues

  42. Thyroid Gland • Thyroid hormone disorders • Goiters • Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine • Salt is iodized to prevent goiters • Cretinism • Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine • Results in dwarfism during childhood

  43. Thyroid Gland • Thyroid hormone disorders (continued) • Myxedema • Caused by hypothyroidism in adults • Results in physical and mental sluggishness • Graves’ disease • Caused by hyperthyroidism • Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos

  44. Thyroid Gland 2. Calcitonin • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone. • Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone (PTH), meaning it has an opposite effect.

  45. C. Parathyroid Glands 4 tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH): Increases blood Ca2+ levels Stimulate osteoclasts in bones to break down bone & release Ca2+ into the blood Stimulate the kidneys & intestine to absorb more Ca2+ to be placed back into the blood

  46. Draw This: Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcitoninstimulatescalcium saltdepositin bone Calcitonin Thyroid glandreleasescalcitonin Thyroidgland RisingbloodCa2+ levels FallingbloodCa2+levels Imbalance Calcium homeostasis of blood9–11 mg/100 ml Imbalance Thyroidgland Parathyroidglands Osteoclastsdegrade bonematrix and releaseCa2+ into blood Parathyroidglands releaseparathyroidhormone (PTH) PTH Figure 9.10, step 11

  47. D. Adrenal Glands Sit on top of the kidneys Two regions: 1. Adrenal cortex—outer glandular region has three layers Mineralocorticoids secreting area- Zona glomerulosa Glucocorticoids secreting area- Zona fasciculata Sex hormones secreting area- Zona reticularis 2. Adrenal medulla—inner neural tissue region- secretes epinepherine and norepinepherine

  48. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.11

  49. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Produced in outer layer Regulate mineral content in blood Regulate water & electrolyte balance Target organ:kidney Production stimulated by renin & aldosterone Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); ANP is produced & released by the heart.

  50. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.12

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