United States History Chapter 7

1. United States History Chapter 7 Higher Order Thinking Skills Homework

2. 1. Describe the effects of the industrial revolution on the United States. • What new inventions and methods helped to spur an Industrial Revolution in the United States? • The invention of interchangeable parts, the implementation of mass production, Invention of the Cotton Gin. • What factors helped make New England the early center of the nation’s industrial growth? • People were used to making their living from trade and shipping, agriculture was not particularly profitable, cheap labor was plentiful.

3. 2. Explain how two different economic systems developed in the North and the South. • How did Agriculture in the North differ from that in the South? • Mostly subsistence farming (growing only what they needed to survive), mainly food production (corn and cattle), and did not require large amounts of labor (no need for slavery). • How did the invention of the Cotton Gin affect cotton production in the South? • Caused a dramatic increase in the demand for Cotton and consequently the demand for slave labor in the South. • What impact did the growth of cotton have on the system of slavery? • Caused a dramatic increase in the number of plantations started, especially in the “Old Southwest” (Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama)

4. 3. Summarize the American System, a plan devised to unite the country. • What were the major components of the American System? • Internal improvements (Erie Canal, National Highway), Protective Tariff, Revival of the Bank of the United States. • Why did the Tariff of 1816 and the Second Bank of the United States stir debate among the various regions of the country? • They, especially the Tariff, were seen as almost exclusively beneficial to the North. The South did not depend on manufacturing, thus the tariff and Bank were less important to Southerners. • What internal improvements helped to tie the nation together? • The Erie Canal, new Railroad lines, new highways and turnpikes.

5. 4. Discuss how the Federal Government asserted its jurisdiction over State Government. • How did the Supreme Court’s rulings strengthen the federal government’s control over the economy? • Gave the Federal Government control of interstate commerce, ruled the Bank of the United States constitutional, blocked state interference with business and commerce. • How did the Supreme Court limit the power of the States? • The Court established the supremacy of the Federal Government over the states.

6. 5. Explain how foreign affairs were guided by national self-interest. • How did agreements with Great Britain and Spain help the United States to ensure its security and expand its borders? • The Rush-Bagot Treaty demilitarized the U.S./Canadian border. The Convention of 1818 established the U.S./Canadian border at the 49th parallel. • The Adams-Onis Treaty ceded Florida to the United States. • What did the Monroe Doctrine State? • That the Western Hemisphere was the United States’ Sphere of Influence and that Europe needed to stay out of Latin American affairs.

7. 6. Summarize the issues that divided the country as the United States expanded its borders. • For what reason did many settlers move westward? • To get a new start on life, to become something new in some new frontier. • How did the Missouri Compromise temporarily settle the debate over slavery? • It created a dividing line for slavery in the Louisiana Territory, however more land lay north of that line than south and soon new debates were raised about slavery’s continued expansion into the west.

8. 7. Describe the tension between Adams and Jackson; describe the expansion of suffrage. • What were the causes of the tension between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams? • Jackson believed he had been cheated out of the election, blaming a “corrupt bargain” between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay (Adams made Clay Secretary of State in exchange for his support in the House of Representatives deciding the election). • In what way were voting rights expanded during the 1820’s? • The requirement of owning property was dropped from voter qualification. • Still Free African Americans, Women, and Native Americans could not vote.

9. 8. Explain Jackson’s spoils system and his appeal to the common man. • For what reasons did Jackson appeal to the common citizen? • He portrayed himself as a man of humble origins, he was a war hero, and he had a catchy nickname “Old Hickory”. • How did expanded suffrage help Jackson win the election of 1828? • When the property requirement was dropped it allowed the “common man” to vote, they of course voted for Jackson. • What is the spoils system and how did it work during the Jackson Presidency? • Jackson fired the employees of the previous administration and hire those that had helped in his election. Most notably among his Cabinet appointees, which became known as the Kitchen Cabinet.

10. 9. Summarize the effects of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Who were the “five civilized tribes” and where did they live? • Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw • They lived in the Southeastern United States. • What was the Indian Removal Act? • Provided funds for the government to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west. • Why was the route the Cherokee took to their new lands known as the “Trail of Tears”? • Forced to travel by foot during the winter, many of the Cherokee died en route to Oklahoma.

11. 10. Explain how the protective tariff laws raised the issue of States’ Rights. • Why did South Carolina oppose the tariffs of 1824 and 1828? • The Tariff caused the South to have to buy more expensive products produced in the North, rather than cheaper British imports. The South saw the Tariff as the North getting rich at their expense. • What was the theory of nullification? • The States have the right to nullify, or reject, any Federal Law that it deems unjust or unfair. • What were the main points of the Webster-Hayne debates? • Hayne argued that the Tariff was symptomatic of the stripping away of States’ Rights, that it and acts like it were dissolving the sovereignty of the State Governments.

12. 11. Summarize how Jackson destroyed the Bank of the United States. • Why did Jackson oppose the National Bank? • He saw the Bank of the United States as a privileged institution with certain advantages not shared by State or Private Banks, and the stockholders as a privileged few that were getting rich off revenue that should have been benefiting all taxpayers. • How did Jackson succeed in closing the National Bank? • He placed all of the Federal Government’s money into special state banks, call Pet Banks because of their loyalty to the Democratic Party. • What were the consequences of Jackson’s economic policies? • When Jackson issued an order only accepting gold and silver as payment for government land, he caused a rush on the Banks driving many out of business. This created a credit crisis that resulted in business failures and rampant unemployment, known as the Panic of 1837.

13. 12. Identify some of Jackson’s economic policies and their impact on his successor. • What issues did Martin Van Buren face as President? • The aftermath of Jackson’s Bank War and the results of Jackson’s failed money policies. • What prompted the Panic of 1837? • A credit crisis caused by Banks that had printed paper money well beyond their capacity to back it up with gold and silver, what became known as the Wildcat Banks. • What factors helped William Henry Harrison win the Presidency? • A depressed economy and a failed effort by Van Buren to deal with the crisis effectively.