1. Human Anatomy and Physiology LabGenetic Inheritance

2. Anatomical Terminology and Orientation Review Always refer to anatomical position with directions!!

3. Planes • Removes the top of the head? • Divides the toes from the body?

4. Body landmarks Brachial Pateller

5. Human Anatomy and Physiology LabGenetic Inheritance

6. DNA Inherited genetic material inside each cell Composed of nucleotides 3 parts to a nucleotide: 1. Nitrogenous base -A – T -G -- C 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group - “backbone”

7. DNA in the Cell Located within the cell’s nucleus Remains loosely coiled in nondividing cells but forms into chromosome before dividing

8. Passing on DNA • Cells divide to pass on genetic material • Somatic (body) cells undergo mitosis and cytokinesis • Replaces dead or injured cells • Adds new cells during growth • Germ cells (sperm or oocytes) undergo meiosis • Produces gametes

9. The Cell Cycle Mitosis: Cell duplicates its contents and divides in two 3 Main Stages Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

11. Interphase • DNA replicated • Cell does most of its growing • 3 Phases: G1 - replication of most organelles and cytosolic components S – DNA replication G2– enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in prep for division

13. Mitotic Phase • Prophase • DNA shortens into chromosomes • Each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of cell • Nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope dissolves • Spindle fibers and asters become visible

14. Mitotic Phase • Metaphase • Centromeres of chromatid pairs are aligned at exact center • Anaphase • Centromeres split, indentical sets of chromosomes moved to opposite poles

15. Mitotic Phase • Telophase • Chromosomes uncoil and revert to chromatin form • Nuclear envelope forms around each mass

17. Cytokinesis • Division of the cytoplasm • NOT A PART OF MITOSIS!! • Mitosis is a nuclear event, cytokinesis is cytoplasmic

18. Karyotype

19. Alleles

20. Genotype Phenotype • AA, Ab • aa

21. Punnett Squares

22. Heterozygous female with freckles x heterozygous male with freckles 1 : 2 : 1

23. Codominance

24. Incomplete Dominance Neither trait is dominant Heterozygotes show a blending of the traits

25. X – linked traits • Traits passed on by the sex chromosomes

26. X – Linked Punnett Squares

27. Epistasis Action or expression of a gene influences that of another

28. Next Week • Quiz first 15-20 minutes of class. Do not be late!!! • Covers material from Labs 1 & 2 and definitions from Lab 3.

29. What is due today? • Integrate: Heredity: Principles of Inheritance • Objectives on page 31 • Skip questions on “sex-influenced” and “holandric” (questions # 10 & 14) • Read and answer Activity Questions on pages 33- 40, 42, and 45-46 (only do section V) • General questions # 1 - 3