Chapter 23 – 2 Vocabulary

1. Chapter 23 – 2 Vocabulary Betty Friedan National Organization of Women (NOW) Gloria Steinem Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Phyllis Schlafly feminism

2. Chapter 23 – 2 Women Fight for Equality

3. Section Objectives Identify and describe the factors that led to the rise of the women's movement. Describe some of the early gains and loses of the women’s movement. Describe the legacy of the women’s movement in the areas of; employment, education, and politics.

4. Women’s Movement Begins Anew Betty Friedan, noted author, surveys college classmates 15 years after graduation to dispel the myth that all women need to be fulfilled is a husband, children, and a house in the suburbs. Her results were published in the groundbreaking book, The Feminine Mystique. what Friedan termed, “the problem with no name” became the central theme of the movement.

5. Women’s Movement Begins Anew

6. Women’s Movement Begins Anew • In the 50’s, 1 in 3 women worked outside the home. • By 1960, that number had increased to 40%. • Women were ‘limited’ to what was considered “women’s work”. • Clerical, domestic service, retail sales, social work, teaching and nursing. • These occupations were considered ‘beneath’ men and poor pay jobs.

7. Women’s Movement Begins Anew • 1961 – Kennedy appoints the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. • 1963 – The Commission reported that women were; • Paid far less than men, even when doing the same jobs. • Were seldom promoted to management position, even when their education, experience and ability were superior or equal to men’s.

8. Women’s Movement Begins Anew

9. Fighting the “Glass Ceiling”

10. Women’s Movement Begins Anew As women experience increased discrimination, they become more involved in the civil rights movement. After minor roles in groups like SCLC and SNCC, women begin to organize small groups to discuss their concerns. Women began to come together over Friedan’s book.

11. Women’s Movement Begins Anew By the late 1960’s, women were work together for change. Characterized as ‘the movement that one doesn’t join, but takes place whenever three or four friends, or neighbor decide to meet regularly…on the welfare line, in the supermarket, the factory, the convent, the farm, the maternity ward.” The Women’s Liberation Movement was born.

12. Win Some, Lose Some…. As the movement grew, remarkable gains were made, both political and social. There was an attempt to ensure women’s equality through constitutional change. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 64, Friedan and others form NOW (National Organization for Women)

13. Win Some, Lose Some…. NOW members pushed for child care facilities so women could pursue jobs and careers. They pressured the EEOC to enforce the laws against discrimination more vigorously. NOW’s effort prompted the EEOC to declare sex-segregated job ads illegal, and issued guideline to employers.

14. Win Some, Lose Some…. In the first 3 years, membership grew to 175,000.Staging a demonstration at the Miss America pageant, women threw bras, wigs, girdles and other “women's garbage” into a “Freedom Garbage Can”. They then crown a sheep “Miss America.” Gloria Steinem, journalist, political activist and supporter of NOW, formed the National Women’s Political Caucus.

15. Win Some, Lose Some…. • The National Women’s Political Caucus encouraged women to run for political office. • Steinem also founded Ms. magazine. • Women soon began to question all gender based distinctions. • Participation in sports, • Equal access to higher education.

16. Win Some, Lose Some…. Some women abandoned the traditional Mrs. For the modern Ms. after marriage. In 1972, Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination. In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled that women had the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. Roe v. Wade still is an emotional and controversial today.

17. Win Some, Lose Some…. Also in 1972, in what appeared to be the movement's biggest victory, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Needing ratification by 38 states, the ERA would constitutionally guarantee that both men and women would enjoy the same rights and protections under the law. This scared many, and the Stop – ERA campaign began.

18. Win Some, Lose Some…. Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative, along with conservative religious groups, and many anti-feminists felt that the ERA would lead to women being drafted, and would end laws protecting homemakers, and end the husband’s responsibility to provide for his family. By 1977, ERA passed in only 35 states. By 1982, the ERA went down to defeat.

19. Legacy of the Movement Many gains were realized. In 1965, 70% of women planned not to work when their children were of preschool age. By 1972, 7% said they would stop working to raise children. As of 1970, 8% of all medical students and 5% of law student were women. By 1998, 42% and 44% respectively were women.

20. Legacy of the Movement By 1983, 13.5% of elected state officials were women. Women held 24 seats in the U.S. Congress.

21. Homework • Chapter 23 – 2 • Reteach • Section Quiz