Multilingualism and multiethnicity of the BSR

1. Multilingualism and multiethnicity of the BSR

2. INDO-EUROPEAN Balto-Slavic Slavic Baltic Germanic West Slavic Polish Kashubian Czech Slovak Lower and Upper Sorbian East Slavic Ukrainian Belarussian Russian South Slavic Bulgarian Macedonian Serbo- Croatian Slovenian North Germanic Icelandic Faeroese Norwegian Danish Swedish Gotlandish West Germanic English Frisian Dutch Low and High German Yiddish East Germanic Gothic Lithuanian Latvian Prussian

3. FINNO-UGRIC West Finno-Ugric East Finno-Ugric Saami Balto Finnish Finnish Karelian Veps Vote Estonian Livonian Ingrian Volga Finnish Mari Mordvinian Permian Komi Udmurtian Hungarian

4. origins of multilingualism in the Region • from prehistoric times • changes of borders • most towns and states were multiethnic so multi or bilingual at least • the policy of the Soviet Union leading to the ethnic mosaic • contemporary – migration

5. lingua franca in the Region • Latin as a official Roman-Catholic church • - Old Church Slavonic – based on the South Slavic dialects from Bizantium • - French in the 18th century as a language of diplomacy and culture • - in Denmark German was used as an administrative language until the middle of the 19th century • - Russian in the Soviet Union • - English

6. INTERFERENCE • Language contact leads to interference and in a long run to structural changes within the languages concerned. • Usually the dominant language or language variety influences the non-dominant one.

7. Norwegian the inluence of Danish and Swedish in 19th century the standard language took the name Riksmål and later Bokmål Ivar Aasen – the Norwegian language reformer suggested a new Norwegian – the purest dialect called – Landsmål later called Nynorsk Norway today has two official languages Bokmål and Nynorsk Saami languages spoken by aproximately 40,000 people in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russia it was influenced by the dominant languages in the respective states there are South Saami, Lule Saami, north Saami dialects, Inari Saami, Skolt Saami, Kola Saami Languages in the Region

8. Finish the influence of Swedish dominance when Swedish was the official language in Finland, then Russian annexation 1919 Swedish and Finnish became official languages of Finland except for the Aland islands, which became neutralized monolingual Swedish area About 6 % of the population in Finland speak Swedish Estonian The high languages of the Estonian part of the Russian epire were German and Russian. there is northern and southern variant of Estonian in 19 th century a northern Estonian became the basis for a modern literary after gaining independence Estonian became the national language and was modernized after the WW II Russian as a dominant language in Estonia Since 1989 Estonian was given the status of official language Languages in the Region

9. Latvian before 19th c. was mostly used in the religious and judicial spheres influence of German, Polish, Swedish, Russian after WW I Latvian became the official language of the new-born Latvia and modernized WW II, Soviet occupation, mass immigration reduced the number of Latvians and Latvian language lose most of its functions in official communication Since 1998 Latvian – the official language of the republic with Russian in documents, state affairs Since 1992 the parallelism was abandoned. Lithuanian not printed until 1818 in the beginning of the 19th c. the university in Vilnius played a great role in the awakening of Lithuanian national feelings influenced by Polish, German and Russian languages official language after the WW I (80% of Lithuanians ) Since 1989 the official language of the state Polish as the second language used in Lithuania Languages in the BSR

10. Yiddish The eastern Slavicized variants and Western dialect of Yiddish At a conference in Bukovina in 1908 Yidish gained the status of the Jewish national language Development of Jewish culture in the Baltic Sea Region Before WW II about two thirds of the world’s Jews (about 11 million people) were Yiddish speaking The Holocaust, anti-Zionist in the Soviet Union reduced the number of Yiddish speakers, adoption of Modern Hebrew Limited number of people using this language nowadays – in ex-soviet republic, the USA Polish Polish language as an instrument against occupations The role of the Catholic church as the cement uniting the divided Polish nation Poland between WW I and WW II was a multilingual state After WW II the population transfer with the neighbouring states The status of the Polish language was undisputed in post-war Poland Influence of Russian – rather low Languages in the BSR

11. Languages in the BSR Kashubian • - Baltic Sea Slavic Language • the 14th c. was present on the territory of the Teutonic Order • in the 15th c. the area became Polish • in the 17th c. parts of the atea became Swedish • in 1772 Kashubia became Prussian • since WW I it has been Polish • Florian Ceynowa – the father of Kashubian regionalism • Most of the ethnically conscious Kashubs today have a double identity

12. MAJORITY AND MINORITY CULTURES • - Multicultural society • - Multiethnic society

13. Ethnic groups • They are not constant: they can appear and disappear, grow and diminish • Ethnic groups are based on a collective identities as opposed to personal identity • A person can identify with a city, a region, a country and a larger are (Scandinavia) • A person’s identity may change during his life course • Raising monuments and creating symbols, paying attention to the language, keeping up traditions

14. Defferent types of minorities • territorial minorities (the Saami, Kashubians) • border minorities (Danes in Danish-German border, the Torne Valley Finns in Sweden, Germans in Silesia in Poland, Lithuanians in Puńsk in Poland) • non-territorial minorities (Jews, Gypsies) • Labour migrants (Finns in Sweden, Turks in Germany, Yugoslavs in Sweden, Ukrainians in Poland0

15. Collective strategies of minorities • Isolation (Gypsies) • accommodation – (Jews in Western Europe) • autonomism – (the Aland Island and the Faeroe Island) • separatism – (Basques) • irredentism – (Germans in the inter-war period) • emigration – (Jews during the WW II, Germans after the WW II, Russians after 1989)

16. The models of immigrant /minority integration • the majority-conformity model • melting pot • the cultural pluralism