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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Types of Skeletal Systems The Musculoskeletal System Bone Joints and Skeletal Movement Muscle Contraction and Locomotion ] The Musculoskeletal System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. The Musculoskeletal System > Types of Skeletal Systems Types of Skeletal Systems • Functions of the Musculoskeletal System • Types of Skeletal Systems • Human Axial Skeleton • Human Appendicular Skeleton Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-musculoskeletal-system-38/types-of-skeletal-systems-215/

  6. The Musculoskeletal System > Bone Bone • Bone • Cell Types in Bones • Bone Development • Growth of Bone • Bone Remodeling and Repair Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-musculoskeletal-system-38/bone-216/

  7. The Musculoskeletal System > Joints and Skeletal Movement Joints and Skeletal Movement • Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure and Function • Movement at Synovial Joints • Types of Synovial Joints • Bone and Joint Disorders Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-musculoskeletal-system-38/joints-and-skeletal-movement-217/

  8. The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion Muscle Contraction and Locomotion • Structure and Function of the Muscular System • Skeletal Muscle Fibers • Sliding Filament Model of Contraction • ATP and Muscle Contraction • Regulatory Proteins • Excitation–Contraction Coupling • Control of Muscle Tension Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-musculoskeletal-system-38/muscle-contraction-and-locomotion-218/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. The Musculoskeletal System Key terms • A-bandThe length of a myosin myofilament within a sarcomere. • abductionmoving a bone away from the midline of the body • acetylcholinea neurotransmitter in humans and other animals, which is an ester of acetic acid and choline • acetylcholinesterasean enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid • actinA protein which forms myofilaments that interact with myosin filaments to generate tension. • adductionthe movement of a bone toward the midline of the body • amphiarthrosisslightly movable joint in which the surfaces of bones are connected by ligaments or cartilage • appendicularof or pertaining to a limb or appendage • arthritisA joint disorder that involves inflammation in one or more joints. • arthritisinflammation of a joint or joints causing pain and/or disability, swelling, and stiffness due to various causes, such as infection, trauma, degenerative changes, or metabolic disorders • articulateto form a joint or connect by joints • ATPasea class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion, releasing energy that is often harnessed to drive other chemical reactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. The Musculoskeletal System • axial skeletonthe bones of the head and trunk of an organism • ball-and-socket jointconsists of a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone, allowing the first segment to move around an indefinite number of axes which have one common center • callusthe material of repair in fractures of bone which is at first soft or cartilaginous in consistency, but is ultimately converted into true bone and unites the fragments into a single piece • canaliculusany of many small canals or ducts in bone or in some plants • chondrocytea cell that makes up the tissue of cartilage • chondrocytea cell that makes up the tissue of cartilage • claviclethe collar bone; the prominent bone at the top of the chest between the shoulder and the neck • coeloma fluid-filled cavity within the body of an animal; the digestive system is suspended within the cavity, which is lined by a tissue called the peritoneum • concavecurved or bowed inward like the inner surface of a sphere or bowl • condyloid jointconsists of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone • convexcurved or bowed outward like the outside of a bowl, sphere or circle • diaphysisthe central shaft of any long bone Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. The Musculoskeletal System • diaphysisthe central shaft of any long bone • diarthrosisa joint that can move freely in various planes • endochondralwithin cartilage • endoskeletonthe internal skeleton of an animal, which in vertebrates is comprised of bone and cartilage • endosteuma membranous vascular layer of cells which line the medullary cavity of a bone • epiphysisthe rounded end of any long bone • epiphysisthe rounded end of any long bone • exoskeletona hard outer structure that provides both structure and protection to creatures such as insects, Crustacea, and Nematoda • fibroblasta cell found in connective tissue that produces fibers, such as collagen • H-bandThe area adjacent to the M-line, where myosin myofilaments are not superimposed by actin myofilaments. • hypertrophyto increase in size • I-bandThe area adjacent to the Z-line, where actin myofilaments are not superimposed by myosin myofilaments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. The Musculoskeletal System • intervertebral disca disc between the vertebra in the spine • involuntaryA muscle movement not under conscious control (e.g. the beating of the heart). • lacunaa small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus • M-linethe disc in the middle of the sarcomere, inside the H-zone • M-lineThe line at the center of a sarcomere to which myosin myofilaments bind. • medullarypertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow or medulla • metaphysisthe part of a long bone that grows during development • motor-end platepostjunctional folds which increase the surface area of the membrane (and acetylcholine receptors) exposed to the synaptic cleft • musculoskeletal systeman organ system made up of the muscular and skeletal systems; the system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body • myocyteA muscle cell. • myofibrilA fiber made up of several myofilaments that facilitates the generation of tension in a myocyte. • myofilamentA filament composed of either multiple myosin or actin proteins that slide over each other to generate tension. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. The Musculoskeletal System • myosinA motor protein which forms myofilaments that interact with actin filaments to generate tension. • ossiclea small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear • ossificationthe normal process by which bone is formed • osteoblasta mononucleate cell from which bone develops • osteoclasta large multinuclear cell associated with the resorption of bone • osteocytea mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone • osteocytea mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone • osteoidan organic matrix of protein and polysaccharides, secreted by osteoblasts, that becomes bone after mineralization • osteonany of the central canals and surrounding bony layers found in compact bone • osteoprogenitora stem cell that is the precursor of an osteoblast • periosteuma membrane surrounding a bone • periosteuma membrane surrounding a bone Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. The Musculoskeletal System • peristalsisthe rhythmic, wave-like contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down a muscular tube • pronationthe action of rotating the forearm so that the palm of the hand is turned down or back • prosthesisan artificial replacement for a body part, either internal or external • rheumatoid arthritischronic, progressive disease in which the immune system attacks the joints; characterized by pain, inflammation and swelling of the joints, stiffness, weakness, loss of mobility, and deformity • sarcolemmaa thin cell membrane that surrounds a striated muscle fiber • sarcolemmaThe cell membrane of a myocyte. • sarcomereThe functional contractile unit of the myofibril of a striated muscle. • sarcoplasmThe cytoplasm of a myocyte. • sarcoplasmic reticulums smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in smooth and striated muscle; it contains large stores of calcium, which it sequesters and then releases when the muscle cell is stimulated • sarcoplasmic reticulumThe equivalent of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a myocyte. • scapulaeither of the two large, flat, bones forming the back of the shoulder • spiculea sharp, needle-like piece Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. The Musculoskeletal System • striatedThe striped appearance of certain muscle types in which myofibrils are aligned to produce a constant directional tension. • supinationthe action of rotating the forearm so that the palm of the hand is turned up or forward • synarthrosisimmovable joint in which two bones are connected rigidly by fibrous tissue • synovial fluida viscous, fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints whose main purpose is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement • synovial jointsThe most common type of joint in the body, which includes a joint cavity. • tensioncondition of being held in a state between two or more forces, which are acting in opposition to each other • trabeculaa small mineralized spicule that forms a network in spongy bone • tropomyosinany of a family of muscle proteins that regulate the interaction of actin and myosin • troponina complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, or any member of this complex • vertebral columnthe series of vertebrae that protect the spinal cord; the spinal column • voluntaryA muscle movement under conscious control (e.g. deciding to move the forearm). • Z-lineNeighbouring, parallel lines that define a sarcomere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. The Musculoskeletal System Vertebral column (a) The vertebral column consists of seven cervical vertebrae (C1–7), twelve thoracic vertebrae (Th1–12), five lumbar vertebrae (L1–5), the sacrum, and the coccyx. (b) Spinal curves increase the strength and flexibility of the spine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. The Musculoskeletal System Excitation-contraction coupling This diagram shows excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle contraction. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Muscle Contraction and Locomotion. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/Figure_38_04_06f.pngView on Boundless.com

  19. The Musculoskeletal System Angular and rotational movements Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a)–(b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c)–(d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior movement of the head is extension. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial–lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Body Movements. December 1, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46398/latest/View on Boundless.com

  20. The Musculoskeletal System Components of compact bone tissue Compact bone tissue consists of osteons that are aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone and the Haversian canal that contains the bone's blood vessels and nerve fibers. The inner layer of bones consists of spongy bone tissue. The small dark ovals in the osteon represent the living osteocytes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bone. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/Figure_38_02_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. The Musculoskeletal System Types of synovial joints The six types of synovial joints allow the body to move in a variety of ways. (a) Pivot joints allow for rotation around an axis, such as between the first and second cervical vertebrae, which allows for side-to-side rotation of the head. (b) The hinge joint of the elbow works like a door hinge. (c) The articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb is a saddle joint. (d) Planar (or plane) joints, such as those between the tarsal bones of the foot, allow for limited gliding movements between bones. (e) The radiocarpal joint of the wrist is a condyloid joint. (f) The hip and shoulder joints are the only ball-and-socket joints of the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Joints and Skeletal Movement. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/Figure_38_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. The Musculoskeletal System Ball-and-socket The shoulder joint is an example of a ball-and-socket joint. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Joints and Skeletal Movement. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/Figure_38_03_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. The Musculoskeletal System Osteoarthritis of the Finger Joints The formation of hard nobs at the middle finger joints (known as Bouchard's nodes) and at the farther away finger joint (known as Heberden's node) are a common feature of Osteoarthritis in the hands. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Heberden-Arthrose.JPG."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis%23/media/File:Heberden-Arthrose.JPGView on Boundless.com

  24. The Musculoskeletal System Thoracic cage The thoracic cage, or rib cage, protects the heart and the lungs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. The Musculoskeletal System Appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the pectoral limbs (arm, forearm, hand), the pelvic limbs (thigh, leg, foot), the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. The Musculoskeletal System Pectoral girdle (a) The pectoral girdle in primates consists of the clavicles and scapulae. (b) The posterior view reveals the spine of the scapula to which muscle attaches. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. The Musculoskeletal System Cranial and facial bones The facial bones of the skull form the face and provide cavities for the eyes, nose, and mouth. The cranial bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. The Musculoskeletal System Exoskeletons Muscles attached to the exoskeleton of the Halloween crab (Gecarcinus quadratus) allow it to move. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. The Musculoskeletal System Upper limb The upper limb consists of the humerus of the upper arm, the radius and ulna of the forearm, eight bones of the carpus, five bones of the metacarpus, and 14 bones of the phalanges. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_11.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. The Musculoskeletal System Lower limb The lower limb consists of the thigh (femur), kneecap (patella), leg (tibia and fibula), ankle (tarsals), and foot (metatarsals and phalanges) bones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_13.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. The Musculoskeletal System Arrangement of trabeculae in spongy bone Trabeculae in spongy bone are arranged such that one side of the bone bears tension and the other withstands compression. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bone. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/Figure_38_02_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. The Musculoskeletal System Cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle The cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle, which is triggered by Ca2+ binding to the actin active site, is shown. With each contraction cycle, actin moves relative to myosin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Muscle Contraction and Locomotion. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/Figure_38_04_05.pngView on Boundless.com

  33. The Musculoskeletal System Process of endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage. The periosteum is the connective tissue on the outside of bone that acts as the interface between bone, blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bone. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/Figure_38_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. The Musculoskeletal System Gout Gout presenting in the metatarsal-phalangeal joint of the big toe: Note the slight redness of the skin overlying the joint. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gout."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout%23/media/File:Gout2010.JPGView on Boundless.com

  35. The Musculoskeletal System From epiphyseal plate to epiphyseal line As a bone matures, the epiphyseal plate progresses to an epiphyseal line. (a) Epiphyseal plates are visible in a growing bone. (b) Epiphyseal lines are the remnants of epiphyseal plates in a mature bone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bone Formation and Development. December 2, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46301/latest/View on Boundless.com

  36. The Musculoskeletal System Rheumatoid Arthritis A untreated hand affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."1280px-Rheumatoid_Arthritis.JPG."CC BY 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis%23/media/File:Rheumatoid_Arthritis.JPGView on Boundless.com

  37. The Musculoskeletal System Muscle tension Muscle tension is produced when the maximum amount of cross-bridges are formed, either within a muscle with a large diameter or when the maximum number of muscle fibers are stimulated. Muscle tone is residual muscle tension that resists passive stretching during the resting phase. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Skeletal muscle."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletal_muscle.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. The Musculoskeletal System Hydrostatic skeleton The skeleton of the red-knobbed sea star (Protoreaster linckii) is an example of a hydrostatic skeleton. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. The Musculoskeletal System Endoskeletons The skeletons of humans and horses are examples of endoskeletons. They provide bodies with support, protection of organs, and aid in movement. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. The Musculoskeletal System Axial skeleton The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. The Musculoskeletal System Skull The bones of the skull support the structures of the face and protect the brain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. The Musculoskeletal System Muscle contraction Calcium remains in the sarcoplasmic reticulum until released by a stimulus. Calcium then binds to troponin, causing the troponin to change shape and remove the tropomyosin from the binding sites. Cross-bridge cling continues until the calcium ions and ATP are no longer available. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Muskel-molekulartranslation."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muskel-molekulartranslation.pngView on Boundless.com

  43. The Musculoskeletal System Foot and ankle This drawing shows the bones of the human foot and ankle, including the metatarsals and the phalanges. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Skeletal Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/Figure_38_01_14.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. The Musculoskeletal System Longitudinal bone growth The epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. This illustration shows the zones bordering the epiphyseal plate of the epiphysis. The topmost layer of the epiphysis is the reserve zone. The second zone, the proliferative zone, is where chondrocytes are continually undergoing mitosis. The next zone is the zone of maturation and hypertrophy where lipids, glycogen, and alkaline phosphatase accumulate, causing the cartilaginous matrix to calcify. The following zone is the calcified matrix where the chondrocytes have hardened and die as the matrix around them has calcified. The bottom-most row is the zone of ossification which is part of the metaphysis. The newly-deposited bone tissue at the top of the zone of ossification is called the primary spongiosa, while the older bone is labeled the secondary spongiosa. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bone Formation and Development. December 2, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46301/latest/View on Boundless.com

  45. The Musculoskeletal System Condyloid The metacarpophalangeal joints in the finger are examples of condyloid joints. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Joints and Skeletal Movement. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/Figure_38_03_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. The Musculoskeletal System Joints, tendons, and ligaments To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Within these joints, bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Joint."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joint.pngView on Boundless.com

  47. The Musculoskeletal System Stages of fracture repair The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps: (a) A fracture hematoma forms. (b) Internal and external calli form. (c) Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone. (d) Remodeling occurs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Stages of Fracture Repair."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. The Musculoskeletal System Special movements (g) Supination of the forearm turns the palm upward in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the palm downward in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an "X." (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, while retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Body Movements. December 1, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46398/latest/View on Boundless.com

  49. The Musculoskeletal System Synovial Joints Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space or "synovial cavity" in the joint. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Joints and Skeletal Movement. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/Figure_38_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. The Musculoskeletal System Sutures Sutures are fibrous joints found only in the skull. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Joints and Skeletal Movement. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/Figure_38_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

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