On the Eve of the Revolution? The American Revolution: 1775-1783

2. On the Eve of the Revolution ?

3. The American Revolution: 1775-1783

4. Loyalist Strongholds

5. Washington’s Headaches • Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral]. • State/colony loyalties. • Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army. • Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

6. The Match Up

7. The Obstacles • Continental Congress functioned as provisional national government – no authority • Loyalist joined ranks with the British • New Jersey citizens accepted Howe’s offer of amnesty and then signed an oath of allegiance to KGIII • Poorly fed • Poorly clothed • Poorly supplied • Poorly trained

8. Military Strategies The Americans The British • Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. • Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] • Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. • Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So. • Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. • “Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

9. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) • Pre declaration of war • Am. Lost but heavy causalities for the B. • Result  Am. Morale was boosted

10. Washing Crosses the Delware • Christmas of 1776 • Washington Crossed the Delaware to strike at the Hessians at Trenton. • Captured 1,000 Hessians • Moved onto Princeton for a follow up victory

11. Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? • Sep. 19 – Oct. 7, 1777 • - Am. Defeats the B. led by General Burgoyne • France believes the rebels have a chance and enter on their behalf • Another morale booster

12. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) • Oct. 17, 1781 • Last major battle • General Cornwallis surrenders

13. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: “The World Turned Upside Down!” Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

14. Treaty of Paris 1783 • Effectively ended the war on land • B. had to formally recognize the colonies as a new sovereign state • Loyalist would not be persecuted • Land gained east of Mississippi River • Fishing right gained in New Foundland • No obstacles for B. merchants collecting debts

15. Diplomacy • Benjamin Franklin • Traveled to France to persuade the French to aid in the revolution • Marquis de Lafayette • French military leader who helped aid Washington In 1788 France would recognize Am. Independence

16. Women’s Roles

17. Women’s Roles • Made ammunition, nurse, water, cooking, cleaning, spies • Washington’s report to the Continental Congress • “Regarding Elizabeth Burgin an inhabitant of NY. From the testimony of our own officers … it would appear that she has been indefatigable for the relief of the prisoners, and for the facilitation of their escape. For this conduct she incurred the suspicion pf the British, and was forced to make her escape under distrusting circumstances.”

18. Women’s Roles • Margaret Corbin’s Military Monument at West point. • Wounded while firing her husband’s cannon on British troops after he was killed • After that battle in NY (1776) Corbin became the first woman to receive a military pension for disability.

19. Women’s Roles • Early suffrage movement led by Abigail Adams • “Remember the ladies” • After the war • Still couldn’t own land • Divorce • or vote • “Republican motherhood”

20. African America Role’s • 5,000 fought on the rebel’s side • “Tens of thousands” Some fought for B. or ran away to Canada • “all men are [not] created equal” • Northern states begin the abolitionist movement • Northwest Ordinance 1787 • Bands slavery in the old Northwest Territory

21. Native American Role’s • Iroquois' Confederacy • Split loyalties • If a Native American joined the British cause they were hoping for the continuation of the Proclamation of 1763 • If a Native American joined the colonist they were allied with different colonies • Ultimately for the Natives it came to an economic and emotional decision. • Many stayed neutral

22. LEQ • Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the U.S. Victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to 1775 – 1783

23. LEQ • Analyze the impact of the American Revolutionary War on TWO of theTHREEkeeping your answer between 1775 and 1800 • African Americans • Women • Native Americans

24. Why did the British Lose???

25. Articles of Confederation Government: 1781-1789

26. WholesalePriceIndex:1770-1789

27. Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the War

28. Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation • A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. • 13 out of 13 to amend. • Representatives were frequently absent. • Could not tax or raise armies. • No executive or judicial branches.

29. State Constitutions • Republicanism. • Most had strong governors with veto power. • Most had bicameral legislatures. • Property required for voting. • Some had universal white male suffrage. • Most had bills of rights. • Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

30. Occupational Composition of Several State Assembliesin the 1780s

31. Indian Land Cessions:1768-1799

32. Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:1783-1796

33. State Claims to Western Lands

34. Land Ordinance of 1785

35. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! • Statehood achieved in three stages: • Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. • When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature. • When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

36. The United States in 1787

37. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

38. Annapolis Convention (1786) • 12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] • GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. • Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. • Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

39. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 • Daniel Shays • Western MA • Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

40. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

41. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington