Overall CEL795 Term Paper Summary Slides November 15 th 2012

Overall CEL795 Term Paper Summary Slides November 15th 2012

Removal of pesticides from water using Nano Filtration and Reverse Osmosis Group members : Karishma Bhatnagar 2012CEV2274 (Group Leader) Megha Kanoje 2012CEV2283 Shailvee 2012CEV2273 SreelakshmiBabu 2012CEV2267 MeenakshiKayesth 2011CET3585

Introduction The main objective of this study is to investigate the removal of pesticides by NF and RO membranes and to study the effect of Membrane characteristics, Pesticide properties, Feed water and Membrane fouling. • The presentation includes : • Basic information about Nano Filtration and Reverse Osmosis. • Factors affecting the performance of NF/RO system. • Benefits of using NF/RO system over other conventional methods Nano Filtration Nano filtration is a process in which membranes with Nano size pores are used to separate solutes or salts based on size/and or charge. It can effectively remove multivalent ions, pesticides, pathogens, hardness and nitrates. Reverse Osmosis RO membranes are effectively non-porous and thus are very effective in removal of particles with low molar mass species.

Summary of factors to be considered while designing a NF/RO system NF/RO System • Membrane Properties Feed water composition Pesticide Properties MWCO Water pH Molecular weight Membrane Porosity Solute Concentration Molecular Size Membrane material Ionic Strength Chemical property Organic matter Polarity Study on three different membranes NF90, NF270 and NTR7250 for removal of Atrazine

Effect of membrane material Effect of the feed water composition

Effect of pesticide properties

Benefits of reverse osmosis: • RO does not add any other chemical to water. • Eco-friendly, do not produce or use any harmful chemicals during the process. • Can remove contaminants such as arsenic, nitrates, sodium, copper and lead, • some organic chemicals, and the municipal additive fluoride. • It requires a minimal amount of power. • Works well in home filtration systems because they are typically small in size. • Removes unpleasant smell, unwanted taste, unusual colours and also benefits • plumbing because of no corrosion issues. • Benefits of nano-filtration: • Nano Filtration is chemical-free, as it needs no salt or chemicals during operation. • Reduces nitrates, sulphates and heavy metals, colour and turbidity of water. • In brackish water, it helps to reduce salt content and dissolved matter content (TDS). • Nanoflitration softens hard water when specific softening membranes are used. • The pH of water after nano-filtration is normally non-aggressive. • Nano-filters are close in size to Reverse Osmosis filters, but cost much less to run. • Also special properties of nano-sized particles can be exploited. We can design new • nano-filters that catch particles smaller than they would catch based on size alone.

Submitted by: Nidhi Gera 2011CEV3063 Varsha Singh 2011CEV3064 Swati Sharma 2011CEV3065 Vikas Agrawal 2009TT10835 TANNERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT THROUGH DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TOXICOLOGICAL EXPOSURE TO THE ENVIRONMENT

A significant number of operations within a tannery are wet operations consuming large amounts of water, chemicals and energy and leading to large amounts of polluted water. The uncontrolled release of tannery effluents to natural water bodies increases health risks for human beings and environmental pollution. Effluents from raw hide processing tanneries produce wet blue, finished leather, contain compounds of trivalent chromium (Cr3+) ,sulphides (S2-) and colour. Organic and other ingredients are responsible for high BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)and TSS values and represent an immense pollution load, causing technical problems, sophisticated technologies and high costs in concern with effluent treatment. Through this term paper we will demonstrate that by means of a combination of biological and physico-chemical treatment technologies, complex tannery wastewater can be effectively and efficiently treated with high reduction rates. introduction

methodology

Results : Different Technologies for effective removal of pollutants

The extent of pollution created by tanneries required different biological/chemical /Physical treatment and disposal of effluent wastewater for effective removal of unwanted toxicological exposure to plants and living beings. • Biological treatment methods is a better choice for removal of organic and certain inorganic content yet the process efficiency is questioned. • It is generally accepted that anaerobic treatment is less energy intensive and superior in most respect for the tannery wastewater treatment than the aerobic treatment. • The application of combined process of physical or chemical with biological process to treat tannery wastewater would give satisfactory results compared to individual treatment processes. summary

INTRODUCTION • Nanotechnology manipulates matter at the nanoscale (1–100 nm) producing nanoproducts and nanomaterials -physicochemical properties • The Woodrow Wilson Database lists- 1015 consumer products in market incorporating NPs -259 containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)- largest and fastest growing class of NMs in product applications Sources of Silver Nanoparticles present in sludge: • Silver is used as an antimicrobial agent in ointments and creams. • Manufacturers add silver nanoparticles to hundreds of consumer products, including food storage containers, computer keyboards, cosmetics, pillows, cell phones, and medical appliances. • Manufacturers of clothing articles exploit its antimicrobial property to produce novel items like ‘No stink socks’.

Effect of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs): • Silver is water soluble, unwanted AgNPs are formed in the sludge produce by sewage treatment plants. • These antimicrobial nanoparticles could adversely impact desirable microorganisms that decompose waste in sewage treatment plants. For instance, they affect many nitrifying bacteria responsible for biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrite into nitrates. • Nanosized silver sulphide applied to agricultural land could oxidize in soils and release toxic silver ions that kill beneficial soil microorganisms. • Occurrence of bio magnification of silver nanoparticles along the food chain. • High exposures to silver compounds can cause Argyria, an irreversible condition in which the deposition of Ag in the body tissue results in the skin turning bluish in colour.

OBJECTIVE • To find the different types of microorganisms which biosynthesize Silver nanoparticles under controlled laboratory conditions. • To analyse different factors affecting Silver nanoparticle synthesis. • To quantify field study and lab studies done on Silver nanoparticles in the past 5 years. METHODOLOGY: • The term paper was prepared by referring to journals available on published scientific research sites like ScienceDirect. • Research papers were thoroughly studied -detailed analysis was done on our understanding.

DATA INTERPRETATION: Microorganisms which biosynthesize Silver nanoparticles under controlled laboratory conditions

Various factors affecting the biosorption and toxicity of silver nanoparticles • pH • salt concentration Maximum adsorption and toxicity of AgNPs on bacterial species was observed at pH 5, and NaCl concentration of <0.5 M but, very less adsorption was observed at pH 9 and NaCl concentration >0.5 M, resulting in less toxicity. It was also seen that Zeta potential plays an important role in adsorption of nanoparticles by microorganisms. In our research on the types of study done on silver nanoparticles it was found that the laboratory work on concentration of nanoparticles have been widely done in the past 5 years but the field study on environmental concerns over harmful effects of AgNPs in the wastewaters has paced in last three years.

CEL 795TERM PAPERM.Tech ENVIRONMENTIstSem

TOPIC REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM WATER USING ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION TECHNIQUES

SWAGAT DAS 2012CEV2275 • GOVIND NARAIN 2012CEV2280 • DHEERAJ CHAUDHARY 2012CEV2284 • ARNAV KUMAR GUHA 2012CEV2268 • NANDAN 2011CEZ8473 • FATEMEH ZAHER 2012CE19042 Group Members

REMOVAL OF ARSENIC BY SOLAR OXIDATION AND ADSORPTION- • The removal of arsenic by solar oxidation in individual units (SORAS) is currently being explored as a possible economic and simple technology to treat groundwater in Bangladesh and India. • Light plays the role of accelerating the oxidation of As(III) to As(V), and also affects the nature of the solid and, hence, its sorptive properties. • The efficiency of As removal depends on- • the mechanism of formation of the solid iron (hydr)oxide, • the rate of As(III) oxidation, and • the possibility to include As(V) in the growing solid. • Given enough Fe and alkalinity, As may be removed by the simple dark flocculation. 2) REMOVAL OF ARSENIC BY OFF-LINE COUPLED ELECTROCAT OXIDATION AND LIQUID PHASE POLYALYTIC MER BASED RETENTION (EO-LPR)- • Electrochemistry and membrane ultrafiltration methods (electro-oxidation and liquid phase polymer based retention technique, LPR, respectively) were off-line coupled to remove As(III) inorganic species from aqueous solutions to achieve an efficient extraction of arsenic species by associating a polymer-assisted liquid phase retention procedure, based on the As(V) adsorption properties of cationic water-soluble polymers ,with an electrocatalytic oxidation process of As(III) into its more easily removable analogue As(V) • Treatment by the liquid phase polymer based retention technique of aqueous arsenic solutions previously submitted to an electrocatalytic oxidation to convert arsenic(III) to arsenic (V) species quantitatively removes hazardous arsenic from these aqueous solutions. Methodology studied

REMOVAL OF ARSENIC BY SAND-ADSORPTION AND ULTRA-FILTRATION- • in situ precipitated ferric and manganese binary oxides (FMBO) adsorption, sand filtration, and ultra-filtration (UF) for arsenic removal • FMBO shows higher capability of removing arsenic than hydrous ferric precipitate (HFO) and hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) • This is ascribed to the combined effects of oxidizing As(III) and adsorbing As(V) for FMBO. The continuous experiments indicate that this process is effective for arsenic removal. • The rate of arsenic adsorbing onto FMBO is fast, and most arsenic is removed by the sand filter. UF increases the arsenic removal to a certain extent. 4) REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM DRINKING WATER USING ADSORPTION BY MODIFIED NATURAL ZEOLITE- • The structure of modified and unmodified clinoptilolite samples from the Gördes–Manisa deposit was studied. The elemental composition and specific surface areas of zeolitic samples were also determined. • Iron concentrations in the solution to modify clinoptilolite play important role in the arsenate adsorption. However arsenate adsorption kinetics was slightly affected by them. • At lower initial arsenate concentration, arsenate exhibited greater removal rates and best removed when the Fe1-GC was used for adsorbent. Thus, iron modified zeolite can be used as an efficient and economic adsorbent for arsenate removal.

5)REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM WATER USING PINE LEAVES • use of Chir pine leaves (Pinusroxburghii) to remove As(V) ions from aqueous solutions. • Maximum adsorption has taken place at pH 4.0 while equilibrium was achieved in 35 min. • Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Elovich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Flory–Huggins isotherm models were used to explain the phenomenon. • Maximum adsorption capacity of P. roxburghii was 3.27 mg/g that was compared with the capacities of some previous adsorbents used for arsenic removal. • Adsorption mechanism was explored by Pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models, and it was found that the process followed second order kinetics. The study concluded that the Chir pine leaves can be a good adsorbent for removing As(V) from water owing to the fine adsorption capacity. 6)ARSENIC ADSORPTION PERFORMANCE OF HYDROUS OXIDE NANOPARTICLES: • exceptional arsenic removal performance on both As(III) and As(V)species. • At near neutral pH environment, the maximum adsorption capacity of HCO nanoparticles is over 170 mg/g on As(III), and 107 mg/g on As(V). Under very low equilibrium arsenic concentrations, • the amount of arsenic adsorbed by HCO nanoparticles is over 13 mg/g (Ce at 10 ~g/L) and over 40 mg/g (Ce at 50 ~g/L). • Over awide pH range from 3 to 11, HCO nanoparticles demonstrated an unique capability to readily remove As(III), which was not observed previously and is beneficial to their applications for water bodies with various conditions. • HCO nanoparticles demonstrated fast arsenic removal rate and high adsorption capability without the need of pre-oxidation and/or pH adjustment, which is very attractive for their real application.

BIOREMEDIATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF URANIUM FROM GROUND WATER Submiteed to –Dr. Arun Kumar Neha Mehta-2012 cev2271 Neeraj Golhani-2012cev2281 Samarpreet Singh- 2012cev 2270 Swati Srivastava- 2012cev3043

Introduction bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. Bioremediation techniques prove to be more ecofriendly, low cost and easy technique as it uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants to degrade or detoxify substances hazardous to human health and/or the environment. The bioremediation techniques prove to be much better in comparison to conventional remediation methods especially at low concentrations i.e. high efficiency in detoxifying very dilute effluent and also generate less sludge at the end of the treatment (minimum ratio of disposable chemical and/or biological sludge volume). OBJECTIVE Reduction of uranium present in ground water into less harmful by-products by using bio-remediation techniques. If possible complete removal of uranium from affected water by using microbes. Converting soluble uranium compounds to insoluble forms to treat water containing uranium. PATHWAYS OF URANIUM TO WATER- Uranium can enter ground water because of its presence in earth’s crust. Due to radioactive wastes from nuclear industry. Due to institutional use of radioisotopes(medicine, industry, agriculture, research reactors and test facilities)

Methods used Bioremediation of uranium through reduction of the metal- Microbial reduction of soluble U (VI) to insoluble U (IV) plays an important role in the geochemical cycle of uranium and also serves as a mechanism for the bioremediation of uranium-contaminated waters. Enzymatic U (VI) reduction converts dissolved U (VI) to an extracellular precipitate of the U (IV) mineral uraninite (UO). Thus this has provided a possible mechanism for the removal of contaminating uranium from groundwaters. Bioremediation through rhizofiltration- Rhizofiltration is a type of phytoremediation, which refers to the method of using cultivated plant roots to remediate contaminated water through absorption, concentration, and precipitation of pollutants. In this, suitable plants with stable root systems are supplied with contaminated water to acclimate the plants. These plants are then transferred to the contaminated site to collect the contaminants, and once the roots are saturated, they are harvested. Biomineralization- The term biomineralization refers to the process of production of minerals by biological organisms. The complex mineral produced not only includes metallic or mineral part but also organic part of organism.

Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost. Bioremediation of uranium through biosorption- Biosorption is a physiochemical process that occurs naturally in certain biomass which allows it to passively concentrate and bind contaminants onto its cellular structure. The chemical tolerance of microbes to radionuclides/heavy metals rather than radiation tolerance is therefore preferable for remediation of metal contamination.

Results Reduction of uranium from U (VI) to less toxic, insoluble U (VI) has been the method of choice for many scientists. Since this reaction is performed by bacteria, the results are obtained generally at a fast rate and with more efficiency. Handling bacteria both at lab scale and in fields is easier as their growth rate is high and short if optimum conditions are provided. Bacteria and few algae are able to use a number of metals as electron acceptors e.g. Uranium. Many a times the change in the redox state alters the toxicity or solubility of the metals. Bioaccumulation processes are under study, for removal of uranium, and researches show that bioaccumulation processes are used In acidic medium only. application of biosorption by the brown alga in purification of wastewater for the removal of uranium ions from industrial wastewaters can be suitable for large-scale exploitation. More studies are needed to optimize the system from the regeneration point of view and economic variance Adsorption of uranium ions was quite sensitive to pH of the medium and the maximum biosorption was obtained at acidic pH between 4.5 and 5.5. Temperature has not a favourable effect on biosorption capacity of fungal biomass in the range of 5–35 ◦C.

Rhizofiltration allows in-situ treatment, minimizing disturbance to the environment. Various plant species have been found to effectively remove toxic metals such as cadmium, zinc, uranium etc. • Bioremediation can provide final treatment to the contaminated water by reducing uranium levels upto 20 µg/L which is even lower than the US EPA guideline. • Limitations- • cases include where the metal removal by means of algae was not feasible in practice even though it showed satisfactory results under lab study. • Sometimes the living organism is able to intake or tolerates uranium upto a certain concentration only. Beyond which uranium proves toxic to the organism as well. • If substantial portion of the U(VI) is strongly associated with the sediments then it cannot be reduced microbially.. • In all the methods , efficiency of processes is highly dependent on pH of the system, and efficiency may drasticlly reduce in basic or alkaline mediums.Considering the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the natural domain, it is of immense importance to identify and characterize microbial strains with high metal accumulation capacity and specificity, Understanding and exploring potential of microbe–metal interaction.

A potential of Biosorption derived for removal of Arsenic from contaminated water

INTRODUCTION The experiment was conducted for banana peel due to its natural, renewable, abundance and thus cost effective biomass. Maximum efficiency found to be 82% at pH 7, contact time 90 minute, dosage 8g, temperature 35 degree and 10 mg/L ion concentration of arsenic.

Effect of pH % removal of As increased with pH of solution and reached optimum value of 86% at pH 7. If pH value is lowered below 7, electrostatic repulsion between metal ions and H+ increased and removal of As was seen. If pH is above then 7, electrostatic repulsion decreases and metal adsorption process enhances and it is found to be maximum at a range of 6-8 i.e. at neutral condition.

Effect of temperature % removal increases with the increase in temperature but upto 35 degree and then decreases due to breaking down of bond on the surface of biomass at higher temperature.

Effect of dosage Maximum removal is observed at 8 g/L. It is observed that increase in biosorbent dose results in increase in the number of active sites, which lead to increase in the percentage removal of As ion. However no significant increase in the percentage removal was observed with the increase in biosorbent concentration beyond 8g/L.

Effect of contact time At initial stage of removal there is rapid removal of As ion and later on removal becomes slow and reaches optimum stage at 90 minutes. Further time won’t significantly effect %removal due to the accumulation arsenic species.

Overall CEL795 Term Paper Summary Slides November 15 th 2012