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Ali’s Khilafah

Ali’s Khilafah. The Difficult Years 35-40 A.H. Uthman was killed Friday 18 th Zi Al-Hijah, 35 H Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a under the pressure of the rebels Madina is under rebel control Sahaba and Ali differ regarding priorities for the new Khalifah . Shaam. Iraq. Misr.

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Ali’s Khilafah

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  1. Ali’s Khilafah The Difficult Years 35-40 A.H.

  2. Uthman was killed Friday 18th Zi Al-Hijah, 35 H • Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a under the pressure of the rebels • Madina is under rebel control • Sahaba and Ali differ regarding priorities for the new Khalifah

  3. Shaam Iraq Misr

  4. Rebels came from mostly 3 territirries

  5. Madina is in turmoil and under control of rebels

  6. Sahaba ask Ali to punish the murderers

  7. Ali wanted to stabilize and restore order to the territories (Amsar)

  8. Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

  9. Uthman bin Hunayf Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

  10. Uthman bin Hunayf Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

  11. Uthman bin Hunayf Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a Ubaydullah bin Abbas to Yemen

  12. Abu Musa Uthman bin Hunayf Kays bin Saad Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

  13. Abu Musa Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Kays bin Saad Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

  14. Abu Musa Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Sahl bin Hunayf Kays bin Saad Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a

  15. Abu Musa Mu’awya Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Kays bin Saad Mu’away and Ali

  16. Abu Musa Mu’awya Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Kays bin Saad Talha and Al-Zubayr

  17. Abu Musa Mu’awya Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Kays bin Saad Army of Mecca

  18. Abu Musa Mu’awya Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Kays bin Saad Army of Mecca to Basra

  19. Abu Musa Mu’awya Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Kays bin Saad Ali moves to Al-Shaam

  20. Abu Musa Mu’awya Uthman bin Hunayf Kharabta Kays bin Saad Ali changes direction to catch up with Army of Mecca

  21. Abu Musa Uthman bin Hunayf Ali’s Army Mecca Army

  22. Abu Musa Uthman bin Hunayf Ali’s Army Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H. Mecca Army

  23. Abu Musa Uthman bin Hunayf Ali’s Army Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H. Mecca Army

  24. Abu Musa Ali’s Army Mecca Army Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.

  25. Abu Musa Ali’s Army Mecca Army Ali moves to Kufa

  26. Ali’s Army Mecca Army

  27. Ali’s Army Mecca Army Ali moves to Basra

  28. Mecca Army Ali’s Army Ali moves to Basra

  29. Mecca Army Ali’s Army Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel) 10 Jumada II 36 A.H.

  30. Ali’s Army Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel) 10 Jumada II 36 A.H.

  31. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Ali controls most Islamic states exept Shaam. Jumada II 36 A.H.

  32. Ali and Mu’aweya • Mu’aweya is asked by Na’yla* to retaliate for Uthman* • Mu’aweya* refuses to follow Ali* before ALL those participated in the revolution against Uthman are executed. Estimated ~2500 in all. • Ali refuses to kill or surrender the rebels: • Not all rebels are involved in the murder plot (like Ammar* bin Yaser*) • Just and fair trials have to take place • The Khalifah has to restore order first, then deliver justice according to Islamic Shari’a *May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba

  33. Ali and Mu’aweya • Amr* bin Al-A’as joins Mu’aweya* • Abdullah* bin Abi As-Sarh joins Mu’aweya • Shurahbil bin As-Samt (Hims) calls for Mu’aweya to become Khalifa. Since there has to be a Khalifa among Muslims on Muaweya’s side. • Ali* sees in deviding the Muslim Ummah a worse Fitna than the murder of Uthman. Decides to move with his army to Al-Shaam to restore order and unity *May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba

  34. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Ali moves to Shaam and reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H. 120,000 fighters

  35. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Mu’aweya reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H. 90,000 fighters

  36. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Ali sends Mu’aweya messengers in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.

  37. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Skirmishes start in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.

  38. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Fighting halts for Muharam 37 A.H. Negotiations restart

  39. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Battle of Seffeen starts Wednesday, 1st Safar 37 A.H.

  40. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Battle of Seffeen continues Thursday, 7th Safar 37 A.H. Ammar is killed

  41. 70,000 Muslim are killed 25,000 from Ali’s army 45,000 from Mu’aweya’s Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Battle of Seffeen ends friday, 8th Safar 37 A.H. Quran on the spears.

  42. Mu’awya Kharabta Kays bin Saad Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.

  43. Mu’awya Dumat Al-Jandal Kharabta Kays bin Saad Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.

  44. Tahkeem • Ali realizes the trick from Mu’aweya and Amr, but his army is sharply divided over the issue. Ali accepts against his own judgment. • Abu Musa is to represent Ali, and Amr is to represent Mu’aweya • Contract of Judgment written in Safar 37 A.H. Actual meeting is to take place in Ramadhan 37H in Dumat Al-Jandal

  45. Tahkeem • 12,000 of Ali’s army are angered by the Tahkeem. They leave the army to Harura’. • This is the beginning of Al-Khawarej. • Abdullah bin Abbas and Ali convince them to return to Ali’s side. (temporarily)

  46. Tahkeem • Amr and Abu Musa meet in Dumat Al-Jandal in Ramadhan 37 A.H. A group of Sahaba is present. • Tahkeem events. (Common historical myths, not supported by good references or common sense)

  47. Tahkeem • Ali refuses to accept the ruling: • Still no agreement on a Khalifa. • Not based on Quran or Sunna. • Ali’s speech in Kufa to resume fighting against Mu’aweya • Khawarej leave Ali’s camp and ask for his Tawbah

  48. Fighting Khawarej • Ali prepared his army to invade Al-Shaam. • Al-Basra army show lack of support. 3,200 fighters show up out of 60,000. • Kufa army responds, but demands dealing with Khawarej first. • Ali has 68,000 fighters.

  49. Fighting Khawarej • Khawarej were strict and diligent worshipers with misguided interpretation of religion. • They lacked support of any Sahabi. (none in their camp, in contrast to Ali’s and Mu’aweya’s) • Some hated the dominance of Quraysh over Khilafa • Crimes of Khawarej: Abdulla bin Khabbab. Takfeer. • Ali decides to deal with Khawarej first. • Ali fights Khawarej and defeats them in Al-Nahrawan.

  50. Ali’s army waekens: • Many killed in Seffeen • Not enough support from Basra • Many Khawarej among their clans • Tired of consecutive battles • Confused by division and Fitna • Events of Egypt: further weakness and division

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