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Unit 4. Review and Discussion. Invasions of Europe, 700–1000. More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars. The Early Middle Ages. Rome Disappears Trade Slows Towns Empty Learning Ceases. Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E. Roman law
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Unit 4 Review and Discussion
Invasions of Europe, 700–1000 More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars.
The Early Middle Ages • Rome Disappears • Trade Slows • Towns Empty • Learning Ceases
Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E. • Roman law • was replaced with laws practiced by Germanic peoples. • Economy • use of currency as a medium of exchange became far less common. • Germanic decentralization • created a need for local self-sufficiency. • That need helped create the self-contained manor, with its corresponding political, economic, and social organization.
How did Feudalism begin? • People joined together to work against common problems. • Problems included: • Foreign invaders (Vikings) • lack of currency • lack of trade • food shortages.
Feudal System • Need for protection and lack of central government created the feudal system • Under the feudal system, every person had obligations to a superior • Every person had a duty to someone else.
The Lord and Lady • Were rulers of their small feudal state, and gave allegiance to the monarch. • Lived in a castle, which also served as a fortress for that feudal state. • Protected the serfs with their army of knights. • Arranged marriages, and male heirs were desired, since the estate went to the oldest son.
Lesser Lords (Vassals) • Lord divided his larger landholdings among Vassals • In return the Vassals pledged service to the Lord • Agreed to provide the lord with: • 40 days of military service each year • Money • Advice
Knights • Were members of the feudal army. • One job: Protect the state, and the lord and lady in charge of it. • They had many different weapons: • Mace (club) • Morning Star (spiked mace) • War Hammer • Battle Ax • Daggers • Lances (used more often in tournaments)
Serfs • Like the middle class here, serfs were the vast majority in the feudal states, but they were poorer. • They were not slaves, but were farmers who owed some of their production to the feudal state. • In return, they received protection from the knights.
Feudal Manor: Three-field system Use of the steel plow and the three-field system revolutionized agriculture by allowing peasants to grow more crops
Charlemagne: 800 CEThe Father of Europe • Charlemagne tried to create a united Christian Europe. • Try to revived Latin learning in his empire and strived to create a “second Rome.”
The Basic Teachings of Islam • Islam is monotheistic, • based on the belief in one God (Allah) • Based on the teachings of the Quran (Koran)
Islam: The 5 Pillars • Faith • There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger • Prayer (Salat) • 5 x daily • Charity (Zakat) • All Things belong to God so we should donate to the Needy • Fast • During Ramadan, form sun up to sundown. • Pilgrimage (Hajj) • Once in a lifetime trip to Mecca and the Ka’ba
Some of Muhammad’s Teachings • Each person is responsible for their own behavior • You should be humble, show mercy and give. • If you have nothing to give you can give a smile • All believers are spiritually equal
Jihad or Holy War • means: active opposition to evil and injustice (internal), more than literal warfare.
The New Religion of Islam • Islam - emerged in Arabia in 637 A.D. • Within 200 years, Muslims had created a great empire and a new major civilization.
The Crusades (1096-1099) • Muslims conquered the Holy land. (Jerusalem) • Pope Urban II called nobles to action against the Muslims: “ An accursed race… has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.” After he said this he called for a crusade or Holy war to take back the Holy land.
Crusades • Why did so many “take up the cross?” • Religious reasons • Knights hoped to win wealth and land • adventure and to get away from home struggles
Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204 • Pope Innocent III called for the crusade • Few reached the Holy Lands most attacked Constantinople • After 200 years of fighting, the Holy Land was again Muslim control!
Children’s Crusade, 1212 • 30,000 French and German children set out to save Jerusalem! • Sadly, most die or are sold in slavery by evil merchants!
Impact of the Crusades • The Crusades failed in their chief goal- reclaiming the holy lands. • Both Christians and Muslims committed appalling acts in the name of religion. • Christians turned their fury against Jews, massacring entire communities. • Helped change Europe to more of a trading society. Western Europeans wanted the silk, spices and perfumes from the east. • Brought the power of the pope to its greatest height. • Encouraged a money society • Gave serfs more power because nobles needed rent MONEY instead of grain for pay
Joan of Arc: Turning point • From 1429 to 1431, Joan’s successes in battle rallied the French forces to victory. • French armies continued to win even after she was executed by the English for heresy.
Emergence of Monarchs • New military technology • The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and firearm made soldiers more important and knights less valuable. • made castles and knights obsolete • Development of professional standing army • Taxed land, merchants, and church
Black Death • By 1347, the bubonic plague had spread to Europe • The bubonic plague, or "Black Death” strikes • 3 forms: • Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Septemic (bodily fluid) • 1/3 of the European population died (25-35 million) • -economic decline • Weakened the power of the church • Blame was placed on the Jews • Many moved to Poland to avoid persecution
