Protein in Animal Feeding

1. Protein in Animal Feeding • Organic compounds made up of amino acids • Contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some may contain sulphur, phosphorus, and iron • Supply materials to build body tissue (ligaments, hair, hooves, skin, organs, and muscle are partially formed by protein)

18. Protein in animal production • Is the largest and most costly part of the ration • Is limited available • As essential nutrients • Is most deficient nutrient • Excess intake, economically and biologically not efficient

19. Crude and True protein • True protein : Nitrogen compound only as protein. • Crude protein : All nitrogen compounds including also Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) in addition to protein. • NPN : free amino acids, amina, amonia, urea, biuret, nitrites, nitrates.

20. Protein Deficiency • Reduced appetite and feed intake • Reduced birth weights and growth • Reduced colostrums and milk production • Decreased hormonal production • Decreased fertility

21. Excessive Protein Intake by Animal • Excessive protein intake is deaminated in the animal body to amino group and carbon skeletons (fatty acids) • Deaminated amino acids are excreted in urine as waste (urea or uric acid) • Remaining carbon skeletons are used as energy source or stored as fat • Expensive process of supplying energy to the animal.

22. Protein or Nitrogenous Compounds in Feeds • True proteins • Polymers of amino acids (18 to 20 different amino acids) linked by peptide bonds • Essential amino acids (nondispensable) • Have to be present in the diet (absorbed) • Arg Lys Trp Leu Ile Val Met Thr Phy His • Nonessential amino acids (dispensable) • Synthesized in body tissues • Glu Gly Asp Pro Ala Ser Cys Tyr • Proteins Peptides Amino acids

23. Non protein nitrogen • Nitrogen not associated with protein • Free amino acids, nucleic acids, amines, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, urea • Crude protein • Total nitrogen x 6.25 • Proteins on average contain 16% nitrogen

24. Protein in Non- Ruminant Animals • Non-ruminant animals can not synthesize the essential amino acids fast enough to meet the animals needs therefore those essential amino acids must be provided in the ration • Need to feed balanced ration with the right balance of essential amino acids • If grains are combined in the correct combination they will provide a balanced ration. • Soybean meal is most commonly used

25. Protein in Ruminant Animals • Ruminant animals generally synthesize the essential amino acids by the rumen at a rate to meet the needs of the animal • Can be met by feeding proteins of vegetable sources • Also by feeding urea (synthetic nitrogen source made from air, water and carbon) • Urea is mixed with the ration to to provide nitrogen for making amino acids in the ruminants body

26. Feed Protein AcronymsNRC Publications Crude protein Total N x 6.25 DIP (RDP) Degraded intake protein UIP (RUP) Undegraded intake protein SolP, % CP Soluble protein NPN, % CP Nonprotein nitrogen NDFIP, % CP Neutral detergent fiber insoluble protein ADFIP, % CP Acid detergent fiber insoluble protein B1, B2, B3, % hr Rate constants for degradable fractions

27. Average RuminalDegradation of Several Proteins Soybean meal (Solvent processed) 75% Soybean meal ( Expeller processed) 50% Alfalfa 80% Corn proteins 62% Corn gluten meal 42% Corn gluten feed 80% Dried distillers grains 55% Blood meal 20% Feather meal 30% Urea 100%

28. Sources of Protein • Plant protein, incl. its by-products • Animal protein, incl. marine products • Single cell protein • Non protein nitrogen (NPN)

29. Plant Protein • Plant protein are thought to be poor-quality protein because they lack some amino acids • Some plant protein contain anti nutritional factors and toxic, limiting their use in ration • Influencing factors : geographycal, types/species, stage of growth, part of plant

30. Plant Protein • Influencing factors : • geographycal, • types/species, • stage of growth, • part of plant • Plant by-products protein, affected also by : • Processing, • Composition of parts of the plant

31. Animal Protein • Animal source protein are considered good-quality proteins since they contain a good balance of essential amino acids • High digestibility • Efficiently utilized by animal

32. Animal Protein • Influencing factors : • geographycal, • types/species, • stage of growth, • part of plant • Animal by-products protein, affected also by • Processing, • Composition of parts of the plant

33. Protein determination • Analysis: Determine total N by Kjeldahl • All N NH4+ • Determine as NH3 • Total N x 6.25 = crude protein • Peptide bond: NH2 R1-C-C-NH O C-C=O R2 N-C-COOH H R3

44. required