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Botanical Classification: Understanding Herb Families

Explore the diverse botanical families including Paleoherbs, Magnoliaceae, and Chenopodiaceae, and their defining characteristics. Learn about plants like Dianthus and Opuntia, and discover unique features such as swollen nodes and succulent stems. Delve into the intriguing world of cacti, herbs, and flowering plants with this insightful guide.

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Botanical Classification: Understanding Herb Families

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  1. “Paleoherbs” Magnoliids Eudicot Clade 2) Magnoliaceae Monocot Clade 1) Nymphaeaceae Flowering Plant Ancestor

  2. 17) Ranunculaceae Caryophyllid Clade 24) Viscaceae Rosid Clade Asterid Clade 18) Papaveraceae Eudicots (Tricolpates)

  3. 19) Caryophyllaceae 20) Chenopodiaceae (incl. In Amaranthaceae) 21) Cactaceae 22) Droseraceae 23) Polygonaceae Caryophyllids

  4. 19) Caryophyllaceae • Pink Family (as if cut with pinking shears – notched or zigzag edge) • Herbs with swollen nodes; anthocyanin present (no betalains) • Leaves opposite, connected at the base with a transverse line • 4-6 tepals, no true petals but outer whorl of 4-5 stamens often petaloid • “Petals” very often lobed or having notches at the apex • Pistil with free central placentation • Fruit a many-seeded capsule opening by teeth or valves

  5. Axile Placentation Parietal Placentation Free Central Placentation

  6. ExamplesCaryophyllaceae • Dianthus (sweet william, carnation) • Gysophila (baby’s breath) • Silene(catchfly) • Arenaria (Sandwort)

  7. Arenaria stricta

  8. Cerastium glomeratum

  9. Dianthus superbus

  10. Lychnis spp.

  11. Lychnis chalcedonica

  12. Saponaria officinalis

  13. Silene pratens

  14. Stellaria sp.

  15. 20) Chenopodiaceae (incl. in Amaranthaceae) • Goosefoot Family • Annual or perennial herbs and shrubs • Xerophytic (dry) and halophytic (salty– physiologically dry) habitats • Stems sometimes jointed and essentially leafless; • Flowers small, green, usually inconspicuous; petals absent, fruit an indehiscent nutlet • Betalains produced • Trapezoidal shaped leaves

  16. ExamplesChenopodiaceae • Chenopodium (lambsquarter, spinach) • Beta (beet) • Salicornia (pickleweed)

  17. Chenopodium album

  18. Chenopodium album

  19. Atriplex spp. [Saltbush]

  20. Salicornia spp.

  21. Salicornia virginica

  22. Beta vulgaris

  23. 21) Cactaceae • Cactus Family • Herbs to trees • Stems succulent, photosynthetic • Leaves generally modified as spines, often also with irritating hairs (glochids), sometimes leaves ephemeral and photosynthetic • CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) • Flowers solitary, terminal • Tepals and Stamens numerous • Ovary almost always inferior • Fruit a berry

  24. ExamplesCactaceae • Opuntia (prickly pear) • Lophophora williamsii (peyote) • Zygocactus (christmas cactus)

  25. Ferocactus spp.

  26. Ferocactus spp.

  27. Schlumbergii spp.

  28. Opuntia spp.

  29. Opuntia engelmanii

  30. Echinocereus triglochidiatus

  31. Echinocactus grusonii

  32. Ferrocactus spp.

  33. Lophophora williamsii

  34. Mammilaria spp.

  35. Carnegia gigantea

  36. Pereskia spp.

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