The Smart Grid Power Quality Power Reliability

1. The Smart Grid Power QualityPower Reliability Terry Chandler Power Quality Inc, USA Power Quality Thailand LTD Sept 2011 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

2. SmartGrid • A smart grid is neither a clearly defined single concept nor a single technology. Rather it is like a basket containing various combinations of balls. The context and the interpretation depend upon the user. • Carnegie Mellon University USA www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

3. Utility perspective Andy Tang, an executive at the PG&E utility in California, “ Smart Grid is not a thing or a specific project. It is about how the utilities leverage technology to enhance their entire portfolio of business processes.” www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

4. What is a Smart grid? “Smart grid” generally refers to a class of technology people are using to bring utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. These systems are made possible by two-way communication technology and computer processing that has been used for decades in other industries. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

5. Definitions • A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. http://en.wikipedia.org • Smart Grid is a new industry being built around the modernization of the electrical grid, green power generation and more efficient usage of electrical power. • Terry Chandler, Power Quality Inc Aug 2009 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

6. NIST SmartGrid Conceptual model www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

7. Why do we need SmartGrid?Improve efficiencies. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

8. SmartGrid changes and PQ Interconnects at multiple levels Changes in the network in real time will affect many customers and network operations will become more complex. These will require products to isolate the faults quickly and without network disruption. Products that can predict failures before the happen or isolate before damage occurs will be in high demand. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

9. Why do we need SmartGrid?Improve reliability! • Sept 8th 2011 a Blackout occurred that affected 5 Million customers in SW USA. • It started at a 500KV substation in Yuma, AZ • It tripped the 500KV line serving San Diego, Ca and all the border communities in between. • This caused an overload on the remaining transmission line from Los Angles Area. It tripped. • This removed a large percentage of the load from the nuclear power station North of San Diego. It shut down two generators • Blackout lasted from 6 hours to 24 hours www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

10. Approximate area of blackout 5 Million people, blackout for up to 12 hours. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

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13. Blackout Sept 8th San Diego Ca. USA (Cause?) The Arizona Public Service Co. worker was switching out a capacitor, which controls voltage levels, outside Yuma, Ariz., near the California border. Shortly after, a section of a major regional transmission line failed www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

14. Cost of reliability for this outage $100 million $ = 3 Billion Thai Baht www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

15. Could the SmartGrid have prevented this Massive Blackout? • Yes, (if not prevented it could have reduced the impact and dramatically improved the restoration time) • How? Communication! • between the loss of transmission line and automatic load shedding. • between the North Transmission line and Nuclear generators that the load would be restored quickly. • Communication to users that power would be restored quickly. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

16. What is Power Quality? • The characteristics of the supply voltage and the electrical system that affect the performance of the load • The characteristics of the load that affect the electrical system or other loads.. • Terry Chandler PQI 1995 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

17. June of 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy list for Smart Grid Power reliability = outage > than 2 seconds PQ = the value of voltage and other parameters 1 Optimize asset utilization and operating efficiency. 2 Accommodate all generation and storage options. (Green) 3 Provide power quality for the range of needs in a digital economy. 4 Improve reliability (outage seconds/minutes) www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

18. PQ/PR issues for Utility side • As Bill Howe presented, in general improving reliability decreases the Quality of Supply. • Voltage sags increase due to network connections • Harmonics will change when switching sources • Voltage transients • Lightning (better protection) • Switching grid will increase • Power Factor Capacitor switching Increase • Voltage unbalance, change as source changes • Frequency? worse if microgrids are islanded • Phase shifts maybe more frequent when switching sources www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

19. Event Avoidance to improve PR/PQ Remote load profiling/management Automatic Grid event diagnostics Advanced data analysis Grid condition sensing and predictive response www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

20. Self-Healing Grid (improve PR) • Improved asset management/visibility • Real-time grid condition monitoring • Increase reliability, increase information a • Automated grid switching to improve reliability and reduce risk of major blackouts. • It will decrease the Quality of Supply by increasing the number of switching transients www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

21. Self healing grid Meters as a sensors for the SmartGrid Transformer load management, near real time Condition-based crew dispatching with Automatic Fault locating www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

22. Advanced Meter Infrastructure • Meters, Revenue, Grid monitors & PQMS • Meter with load connect/disconnect • Automatic outage notification • Two-way communications with meters • Automated meters a critical role in the Smart Grid architecture as sensing devices. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

23. Today’s Grid vs Smart Grid www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

24. Compare the reliability Fixed line telephony www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

25. How will Smart Grid affect Power Quality • Frequent switching of the grid will • Significant increase of switching transients (until solid state switching devices are used) • Sensitive loads will experience an increase in transients • Voltage imbalance/unbalance will change with switching alternate sources www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

26. Harmonics affected by Smart Grid • Voltage Harmonic levels • Voltage distortion is a function of Harmonic load current and the source impedance. • As the SmartGrid switches between sources it will change the source impedance. This will cause the Voltage distortion level to change when the Grid Switches. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

27. SmartGrid and voltage sags Interconnection of distribution substations Increases voltage sags incidents at that voltage level. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

28. PQ changes with SmartGrid www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

29. Conclusions Short term affects As the grid changes from Hierarchal to network configuration the voltage sag incident will increase. The Voltage harmonics will change frequently as the source impedance changes when the SmartGrid switching. Voltage waveform transients will occur during the switching and can be sever if the new source is at a different phase angle than the existing source. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

30. Conclusions Long Term GridSwitching will become more sophisticated to switch only at zero crossing and when in phase. Network design will change to reduce voltage sag depth and duration. Short and medium term Power Quality will deteriorate Long Term Power Quality should improve to existing levels or better www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

31. References • http://www.leonardo-energy.org/what-definition-smart-grid • http://www.utilitiesproject.com • http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/article_177.html • www.Gridwise.org www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

32. Information sources for SmartGrid http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/ http://www.smartgrid.gov/ http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip-072611-factsheet.cfm http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/LearnMore www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

33. Thank You Terryc@powerquality.org Terryc@smartgridasia.us www.powerquality.org all rights reserve