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工作分析 Job Analysis

工作分析 Job Analysis. Questions:. What is the content of each job? How will you know when people are doing a good job? How should you measure their performance? What qualifications will people need in each job? What should you train each person to do in each job?

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工作分析 Job Analysis

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  1. 工作分析Job Analysis

  2. Questions: • What is the content of each job? • How will you know when people are doing a good job? • How should you measure their performance? • What qualifications will people need in each job? • What should you train each person to do in each job? • How much should you pay for doing each job?

  3. 人力資源管理流程 Job Analysis Job Description Job Specification Discipline Termination Communication Job Satisfaction Recruitment Selection Orientation Socialization Training Observation Appraisal Interview Wages Benefits

  4. 工作分析 • 對象: 職位 • 以系統化的方式來蒐集分析特定職位的工作內容，方法‧及職責等相關資訊 • 界定完成工作所須具備之知識‧技能，及人格特質

  5. Occupation 客務部服務員 • Position 房務員 • Job 清潔客房 • Tasks 客房清潔，客房備品補給， 協助客人問題 • Elements (activities) • 客房清潔 • 清理垃圾桶 (element 1) • 清潔廁所地面 (element 2)

  6. JOB DESCRIPTION Tasks Duties Responsibilities SOURCE OF DATA Job analyst Employee Supervisor JOB DATA Tasks Performance standards Responsibilities Tools/Equipment/Aids Knowledge Skills Abilities HUMAN RESOURCES FUNCTIONS Recruitment Selection Training & Development Performance Appraisal Compensation Control METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA Observation Interviews Questionnaires/Checklists Critical Incidents Others JOB SPECIFICATION Skill requirements Knowledge requirements Abilities needed Physical demands Job Analysis Model

  7. Select Jobs for Analysis Determine What Information to Collect Determine How to Collect the Information Determine Who Collects the Information Process the Information Write Job Descriptions Write Job Specifications Steps in Job Analysis

  8. 如何蒐集工作分析資訊? • Top-down approach • 適用於新的或未來的工作 • 由組織發展所欲達成目標來思考工作內容項目 • Bottom-up approach • 適用於existing jobs • 由工作人員提供訊息告知工作業務內容

  9. Bottom-up approach of JA • Observations觀察法 • Interviews面談法 • Questionnaires 問卷法 (Job Inventory) • Critical incidents technique (CIT) 重要事件法 • diaries 日記法

  10. Job descriptions & Job specifications 工作分析所得的管理工具 • Job descriptions工作說明書 • 記錄工作內容，方法，責任，環境，及活動 • 可供員工及該職位主管參考 • summarize the duties, responsibilities, working conditions and activities of a specific job • Job specification工作規範 • 記錄擔任該職為所需具備的資格與條件 • describe the qualifications required to perform the job

  11. 工作說明書 • 主要內容 • Job identification工作識別 • Job summary工作摘要 • Responsibilities and duties關係與職責 • Authority職權 • Standards of performance績效標準 • Working conditions工作條件 • Job specifications工作規範

  12. Trend multi-task & multi-skill

  13. Job Design

  14. Job Design • 設計搭配不同的工作內容(tasks, functions)以提高生產效率並提升工作的內外性工作價值 • A systematic process through with the work content (tasks, functions, and relationships), the rewards (extrinsic and intrinsic), and the qualifications required (KSA) is determined for each job.

  15. Job Characteristics • Skill variety (makes job interesting) 技能多樣 • Task identity (sees the products)可見成果 • Task significance (effort worthwhile)工作重要性 • Autonomy (personal responsibilities)工作自主性 • Feedback (know the results)持續性回饋

  16. 工作設計方法 • Job simplification 簡單化 • Job enlargement 擴大化 • Job rotation 輪調 • Job enrichment 豐富化

  17. 工作簡單化 • Job simplification • 將複雜工作分為細小單位，每人只執行其中一部份 • 非常專業分工 • 重複動作提升工作正確性 • “time and motion analysis”

  18. Job enlargement 工作擴大化 • 藉由增加類似工作以擴大工作內容 • 水平層面的擴大工作內容 • A horizontal job expansion

  19. Job rotation 工作輪調 • 員工在各個不同職位或部門輪調 • Reduces boredom • Easier to staff unpleasant job • 輪調方法 • 水平輪調 • 垂直輪調

  20. Job enrichment 工作豐富化 • 除擴大工作項目外並負與員工更多的權利，責任，及自主性 • Increase ees’ authority, responsibility, and autonomy (Vertical job expansion) less supervision and more self-esteem • 結果: higher quality work, less turnover, higher job satisfaction

  21. 工作時間的安排 • 壓縮工作週 compressed workweek • 彈性上班時間 Flextime • 工作分擔 Job sharing • 電子通勤 Tele-community • 機動辦公室 Mobile office

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