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unit 1: The Human. Inattentional Blindness. Applying emphasis. Easily identifiable headings & labels. Some Terms. 較正式的定義 研究 人們對訊息如何知覺、 學習、記憶與思考的 學科 Example issue in the scope 為什麼美國選舉候選人要花費大筆經費製作電視廣告 ?. Computer-Mind Analogy. 1.2 Input-Output Channels. 哪 一隻是小象？. Five Senses.
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Inattentional Blindness Applying emphasis Easily identifiable headings & labels
Some Terms • 較正式的定義 • 研究人們對訊息如何知覺、學習、記憶與思考的學科 • Example issue in the scope • 為什麼美國選舉候選人要花費大筆經費製作電視廣告?
1.2 Input-Output Channels 哪一隻是小象？
Vision • Primary source • Very complex activity • Two stages of visual perception • Physical reception of stimuli • Processing and interpretation of stimuli • With physical limitations • Can recover from information loss
The Blind Spot • 請將分發的紙張放在面前約50cm處 • 閉上左眼，用右眼盯住左邊的圓點 • 確認你可以看到右邊的十字 • 將紙張向眼睛慢慢移動，直到右邊十字消失時停止 • 此時十字落入盲點
知覺框架 如果森林中的一棵樹倒下來，附近沒有人 那麼樹倒下來時會有聲音嗎？
Perceiving Size • Perceptual constancy • The law of size constancy
Perceiving Color • Three elements • Hue • Intensity • Saturation • Color vision best in the fovea • Insensitive to blue light • Color blindness
Reading • Three phases • Saccade + fixation • Perception in fixations • Word recognition • based on character or word? • Text in all caps is hard to read BBC Bare eye
Reading: TV vs. Book • Published in 1982 • Research problem • Is it feasible to read continuous text on CRTS for two hours or longer? • Reading speed & comprehension (book vs. TV) • 32 subjects • Age: 18 to 40 • Can read English • All with normal vision
Two Conditions Book Condition Video Condition 18 rows 40 rows 39 characters (at most) 60 characters (at most)
Video Conditions VideoCondition (Prop.) VideoCondition(Non-Prop.)
The Design & The Procedure Read stories in Set 1 (1 hour) Test (10m) Read stories in Set 1 (1 hour) Test (10m) Q 25 multiple-choice questions 20 for the first 8 stories
Reading Speed (TV Condition) Set 2 > Set 1: F(1,14) = 7.31, p < 0.05 PropSpc = NonPropSpc: F(l, 14) < 1
Reading Speed (Video vs. Book) Video < Book: F(1,30) = 10.3, p < 0.005 Set 2 > Set 1: F(1,30) = 16.0, p < 0.001
Comprehension (Video vs. Book) Video = Book: F(1,30) < 1 Set 2 = Set 1: F(1,30) = 2.98
Computer Screen in 1980 Nowadays computer screen
Processing Sounds • Properties of sounds • Pitch(20Hz~15kHx) • Loudness • Timbre • Cocktail party effect • Examples of using non-speech sound • Catch attention • Monitoring (without visual attention) • Navigation
Sound Localization Time difference Reduction in intensity
Excel Mode Error Trying to close the window… Excel navigation mode
Touch • The importance of haptic perception • 提重物 • Feeling buttons depress • Braille • Sensor receptors • Thermoreceptors • Nociceptors • Mechanoreceptors • Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors • Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors • Two-point threshold test
Kinesthesis • An aspect of haptic perception • Receptors in the joints • May affect task performance • A device to feel the texture?
Movement • Reaction time + movement time • Reaction time • Visual (200ms)/auditory (150ms)/pain (700ms) • Skill (-) or fatigue(+) • Accuracy • Positive or negative relation to reaction time? • Fitts’ Law • Movement time = a + b log2(distance/size + 1)
Task Type 1: Pie Tasks Typical Compass Antonyms • [put a compass here] • OPENCLOSE • UPDOWN • North-South-East-West-NorthWest-SouthEast-NorthEast-SouthWest • Open-Close-Up-Down-Black-White-Left-Right • Full-Empty-Dark-Light-In-Out-Active-InActive • Young-Old-Fat-Thin-Tall-Short-Top-Bottom • More-Less-Larger-Smaller-Quick-Slow-Low-High
Task Type 2: Linear TasksTask Type 3: Unclassified Tasks Linear (Lists, letters, and ordinals) Unclassified • 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 • One-Two-Three-Four-Five-Six-Seven-Eight • First-Second-Third-Fourth-Fifth-Sixth-Seventh-Eighth • A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H • Ape-Bear-Cat-Dragon-Elephant-Fish-Giraffe-Horse
Study Design • S1-S2-S3-S4-S5-S6 • Si randomly chosen from {PP, PL, PU, LP, LL, LU} • For each Si, each subject sees 5 different menus • For each Si, each subject sees 10 menus
Participants & Material • 33 participants • Undergraduate students • No or little mouse experiences • 19” CRT
Analysis With Fitts’s Law • An analysis of seek time based on Fitts’sLaw • T =K0 + K log2(D/S + 0.5), where • T = time to position cursor using mouse (seek time) • K0 = constant time to adjust grasp on mouse • K = constant normalization factor (positioning device dependent) • S = size of target in pixels • D = distance in screen pixels
Analysis With Fitts’s Law 13 pixels 10 pixels 200 pixels
Sensory Memory • Buffers for stimuli received through senses • Constantly overwritten • Examples • Iconic memory • Moving fingers • Firework display • Echoic memory • someone asking you a question
Attention • Definition • The concentration of the mind on one out of a number of competing stimuli • Selective attention prevent us from being overloaded • Cocktail party phenomenon/effect
