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Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function. The relationship between structure and function is a cornerstone of biology!!!. Objectives/Warm-Up. SWBAT: State the similarities and differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Warm-Up: Define the words “prokaryote” and “eukaryote” in your notes.

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Cell Structure and Function The relationship between structure and function is a cornerstone of biology!!!

  2. Objectives/Warm-Up • SWBAT: State the similarities and differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Warm-Up: Define the words “prokaryote” and “eukaryote” in your notes. . .

  3. Answers to Warm-Up • Prokaryote: A unicellular organism with no nucleus or organelles • Unicellular = ONE cell only • Eukaryote: A multicellular organism with a nucleus and organelles • Multicellular = MANY cells

  4. History of Cells • Cells were first viewed using microscopes over 150 years ago. . .

  5. Robert Hooke: First to Observe Dead Cells English scientist who examined thin slices of cork with a microscope Observed that cork was composed of“cells” Actually observed dead cork cells, not live cells

  6. Hooke observed deadcorkcells like the ones pictured below!!! • Hooke called these “cells” because they looked like the small cells or rooms that monks lived in at the monastery

  7. Anton Van Leewenhoek • First to observe live cells by taking blood scrapings from his own teeth

  8. Matthias Schleiden • German scientist who worked with plants • Used a microscope to observe that all plants are made of cells

  9. Schwaan German scientist who used a microscope to observe that all animals are made of cells

  10. Cell Theory • Observations by these scientists led to the development of the CELL THEORY. • The Cell Theory describes what we believe to be true about all life and all cells.

  11. Three Statements of Cell Theory • All living things are made of one or more cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms • All cells come from existing cells.

  12. TRUE OR FALSE: Something can be alive and not be made of cells Every living cell comes from another cell Some organisms are not made of cells FALSE TRUE FALSE Test Yourself!!!Answer the following questions. . .

  13. All cells have. . .STRUCTURE • All cells need certain supports to survive: • - DNA- all cells have double helix DNA • Cell Membrane: outer covering of cell • Cytoplasm (also called cytosol): open space inside cell • Cytoskeleton: support beams that hold cell’s shape • Ribosomes: structures that help make proteins needed to survive

  14. Preview It!!! • Click here to learn about cell types!!! • Use this webpage to learn about 3 cell types. Notice how they are similarand how they are different.

  15. Types of Cells • There are TWO MAJOR TYPES OF CELLS: • Prokaryotes • Eukaryotes These cell types are different, but share many commonstructures

  16. Prokaryotes • Organisms made of only one cell • Simple structure and function • Example: Bacteria

  17. Taking a closer look. . .

  18. Parts of a Prokaryote. . . 1. Cell Wall: surrounds the cell and provides structure and support Think of the cell wall as a fortress around a city – it gives structure and keeps out invaders!!!

  19. Cell Membrane:Flexibleboundary that lies inside the cell wall in prokaryotes. Think of a cell membrane as a door – substances can enter or exit the cell through the membrane like we access a room through a door!!!

  20. 3. Cytoplasm: fluid that fills a cell in which organelles are suspended Think of cytoplasm as the air that fills a room – it seems to simply take up space, but without its presence, life would stop!!! Cytoplasm is PURPLE in the above picture!!!

  21. 4. DNA: All cells contain DNA, the genetic material for reproduction and maintenance Think of DNA as the blueprints for the cell: they tell the cell how to build what it needs!!!

  22. 5. Ribosomes:the site where amino acids are joined to make proteins for the organism. • Think of ribosomes as factories where proteins are assembled!!!

  23. Eukaryotes • Organisms made of many cells • Complex functions and many organelles • Examples: Plant and animal cells

  24. Similarities to Prokaryotes: • Eukaryotes: • Some have a cell wall • All have a cell membrane • All have cytoplasm • All have DNA • All have ribosomes • EUKARYOTES ALSO HAVE COMPLEX ORGANELLES

  25. What is an organelle? • An organelle is any structure found inside a cell that carries out a specific function • Each organelle has a job that it must do to keep the cell working!!!

  26. Nucleus • The nucleus is the commanding center of a cell. It holds all the DNA for the cell. • Think of the nucleus as a locked safe: important genetic information (DNA) is kept here and is not allowed out!!!

  27. Lysosomes • Lysosomes are small, round organelles that contain enzymes for digesting waste • Think of lysosomes as trash cans: they collect digest and recycle waste!!!

  28. Vacuoles and Vesicles • Vacuoles and vesicles are organelles that store water and nutrients for a cell • Plant cells contain on large central vacuole that stores water and nutrients, while animal cells have many smaller vesicles/vacuoles.

  29. Find it! Locate the vacuole in the plant cell, and the vesicle in the animal cell.

  30. Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of channels used to transport proteins throughout a cell • Think of the ER as a conveyor belt in a factory – it moves substances from where they are made to where they are used

  31. Rough ER is dotted with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance Take a closer look. . . Smooth ER does not have ribosomes on it

  32. Golgi Body • The Golgi Body looks like a stack of pancakes. Its job is to package and ship proteins before they are released from the cell. They are the ware houses of the cell. • Think of the Golgi Body as the post office – the Golgi Body makes sure proteins are ready to be “mailed” throughout the body!!!

  33. Mitochondria • The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It is the site where all ATP (energy) is created to run cell activities. • Think of the mitochondria as a power plant – without it creating power, all work would stop!!!

  34. Microtubules and Microfilaments • Microtubules and Microfilaments help give the cell its three-dimensional shape • Think of microfilaments and microtubules as the beams of a building: the beams provide support to the building, just like the microtubules and microfilaments provide support to a cell!!!

  35. Chloroplasts • Plant cells contain chloroplasts for making energy from sunlight. • Think of chloroplasts as solar panels: they are used to make energy from the sun!!!

  36. Interesting Fact. . . • Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis. • Photosynthesis occurs in all plant cells – it is how plants make their own food. • Animal cells do not have cholorplasts for making food – this is why animals must eat food!!!

  37. Structures for Movement • Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have structures that help them move. • These structures are called cilia and flagella

  38. Cilia • Cilia are short, numerous hairs on the surface of a cell that allow it to move and/or obtain food Paramecium, a simple organism, has cilia all over its body

  39. Flagella • Flagella are long, whip-like structures that help a cell move or obtain food • An example of a cell with a flagellum is a sperm cell: the flagellum is used to move towards the egg in order for fertilization to occur

  40. Pseudopodia • Organisms like amoebas use temporary cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia to stretch and move

  41. Identify It!!!Fill in the diagram in your notes using this picture

  42. Test Yourself. . . Try to answer the following questions WITHOUT LOOKING BACK AT YOUR NOTES. . .

  43. Test Yourself #1 • List the three points of Cell Theory.

  44. Answer: Test Yourself #1 • All living things are made of one or more cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms • All cells come from existing cells.

  45. Test Yourself #2 • What is the difference between a PROKARYOTE and a EUKARYOTE?

  46. Answer: Test Yourself #2 • A prokaryote is a simple organism with no nucleus and few organelles • A eukaryote is an organism with a nucleus and many organelles

  47. Test Yourself #3 • What is DNA, and where is it located inside a cell?

  48. Answer: Test Yourself #3 • DNA is the blueprint for all cell functions. • In eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus

  49. Test Yourself #4 • List the functions of these organelles: • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Nucleus • Golgi Body

  50. Answer: Test Yourself #4 • Mitochondria -- Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy as ATP • Ribosomes – Site where proteins are created • Nucleus -- Site where DNA is located • Golgi Body – Packages proteins for distribution and release

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