1 / 52

高血压治疗现状与展望

高血压治疗现状与展望. 高平进 上海瑞金医院高血压科 上海市高血压研究所. 内容. 高血压治疗现状 治疗靶标 药物治疗 介入治疗 超越血压 存在问题 展望. 高血压治疗现状. Target blood pressure Pharmacologic therapy Interventional therapy Beyond blood pressure. ESC 2011 highlights. Target blood pressure. 靶目标. 细化降压目标值.

caine
Download Presentation

高血压治疗现状与展望

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 高血压治疗现状与展望 高平进 上海瑞金医院高血压科 上海市高血压研究所

  2. 内容 • 高血压治疗现状 治疗靶标 药物治疗 介入治疗 超越血压 • 存在问题 • 展望

  3. 高血压治疗现状 • Target blood pressure • Pharmacologic therapy • Interventional therapy • Beyond blood pressure ESC 2011 highlights

  4. Target blood pressure

  5. 靶目标 细化降压目标值 • 高血压患者的主要治疗目标是最大程度地降低心血管并发症发生与死亡的总体危险。需要治疗所有可逆性心血管危险因素、亚临床靶器官损害以及各种并存的临床疾病。 • DBP低于60mmHg的冠心病患者,应在密切监测血压的前提下逐渐实现SBP达标 中华心血管病杂志 2011:2010年中国高血压指南修订版

  6. debate: Target blood pressure in diabetes is < 130 mmHg • most patients with hypertension and diabetes are poorly controlled • J curve exists • Never guidelines are cautious in their statements • ESH 2009: it may be prudent to recommend the range • 130-139/80-85mmHg, and possibly close to lower values • ADA 2011: SBP target more or less stringent<130 mmHg may be appropriate for individual patients • individual approach to treat hypertension is preferential • (e.g. young uncomplicated diabetic patient vs. complicated older diabetic Ss with coronary heart disease)

  7. Blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcome in coronary artery disease A retrospective further analysis of the ACTION database evaluated the relationship between control of blood pressure (BP) during the course of the trial and cardiovascular(CV) outcomes. these significant differences reflected BP control in the group with >75% control compared with the group with <25% of visits with BP control.

  8. Pharmacologic therapy 高血压的新理念——高质量降压 • 多重干预与血管功能 • 限盐与心血管保护 • 醛固酮受体拮抗剂

  9. 中国高血压指南:降压药物治疗原则 小剂量开始,根据需要,逐步增量。 小剂量 使用每日给药1次,有效平稳控制24h血压的长效药物,以有效控制晨峰血压和夜间血压。 优先选择长效制剂 治疗原则 增加降压效果,减少不良反应。 联合应用 根据患者具体情况和耐受性及个人意愿和长期承受力,选择适合患者的降压药。 个体化 中华心血管病杂志 2011

  10. 从高血压新定义认识治疗新理念 • 高血压是一个有许多病因引起的处于不断进展状态的心血管综合征,可导致心脏和血管功能与结构的改变。 • 淡化血压数值在高血压病诊治中的地位,指出过度强调血压水平在高血压诊治和预后评估中的局限,是对高血压理念的新认识。  美国高血压学会(ASH) 2009.11

  11. 高血压理念的提升 • 高血压是一种“心血管综合症”。 • 应根据心血管总体风险,决定治疗措施。 • 应关注对多种心血管危险因素的综合干预。 中华心血管病杂志2011,39(7) 2010中国高血压指南修订版

  12. 高质量降压 • 降低整个动脉系统的血压(中心动脉压vs肱动脉血压) • 降低24小时血压(晨峰血压、血压变异) • 不宜太低,不宜太快(应遵循个体化原则) • 多重危险因素干预(降脂、降糖、戒烟) 平稳降压 改善血管功能 保护靶器官

  13. 多重干预与血管功能 研究对象 • 拟纳入瑞金医院高血压科门诊患者124例 • 入选标准: ①初发的未治疗的原发性高血压患者或者经过除CCB类药物治疗后血压不 达标的原发性高血压患者(140mmHg≤SBP<180mmHg和/或 90mmHg≤DBP<110mmHg); ②空腹总胆固醇水平4.14mmol/l(160mg/dl)≤TC<6.22mmol/(240mg/dl); ③FMD<10%; ④谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和肌酸激酶正常水平范围; ⑤入选研究前三个月内未服用过他汀类及其他降脂药物等。 • 排除标准: ①已知或怀疑继发性高血压的患者; ②慢性肝病史合并肝功能异常表现为ALT或者AST > 2倍正常上限;胆汁淤积及活动性肝病; ③肌酸激酶 > 2倍正常值上限; ④房颤或频发早搏等。

  14. 试验流程 脉搏波波形分析、脉搏波传导速度检测和臂踝指数检测 采用澳大利亚AtCor公司的SphygmoCor大动脉仪,通过平面张力法,分别检测cf-PWV和PWA。 采用欧姆龙全自动动脉硬化检测装置BP203RPE-II(VP-1000),通过示波法,测得ABI和ba-PWV。 血流介导的血管内皮舒张功能(Flow-mediated dilation,FMD) 采用PHILIPS HD11EX彩色多普勒仪。先获得基础状态下肱动脉内径(D1),将袖带充气至收缩压250mmHg处,完全阻断血流5min后, 再次测得动脉反应性充血后内径(D2),计算FMD%=(D2 -D1)/ D1×100%。

  15. P<0.05 54.06±15.61 43.84±10.76 41.74±10.50 16.56±8.50 11.00±5.96 10.79±5.53 AML+ATO 脉压(PP) P>0.05 P<0.05 49.65±13.25 47.42±13.84 47.35±14.15 50 40 30 mean of pp 20 10 0 Baseline 12 weeks 24 weeks AML AML+ATO 中心动脉压(AP) P<0.05 P>0.05 14.29±7.76 P>0.05 P<0.05 15 12.00±8.50 11.82±8.08 10 mean of ap 5 0 Baseline 12 weeks 24 weeks AML Unpublished data

  16. 20 20 15 15 mean of bapwv_mean mean of bapwv_mean 10 10 5 5 0 0 Baseline 12 weeks 24 weeks Baseline 12 weeks 24 weeks 脉搏波传导速度(baPWV) P>0.05 P<0.05 16.40±1.89 16.34±2.67 15.96±2.46 16.37±2.62 15.11±2.48 14.78±2.06 AML AML+ATO Unpublished data

  17. 臂踝指数(ABI) P>0.05 P>0.05 1.33±0.66 1.11±0.08 1.13±0.08 1.10±0.10 1.13±0.11 1.10±0.10 AML+ATO AML Unpublished data

  18. P<0.05 P<0.05 0.14±0.05 0.12±0.05 0.11±0.04 0.09±0.05 0.06±0.02 0.06±0.03 AML+ATO AML 血流介导的内皮舒张功能(FMD) Unpublished data

  19. P<0.05 P>0.05 699.68±92.79 660.39±125.73 568.83±268.18 522.01±288.46 AML AML+ATO 颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT) Unpublished data

  20. 多重干预与血管功能 • 血压与血管结构与功能有密切关系; • 多重干预不仅可以降压,还可以改善血管内皮功能和动脉僵硬度,甚至血管结构也可能得到逆转。

  21. 限盐与心血管保护 • 盐与血压 • 肾素系统双重阻断与蛋白尿 • 限盐与肾素系统双重阻断 • 限盐与肾保护

  22. Impact of salt restriction on proteinuria Stagman MCJ et al. BMJ 2011;343:d4366

  23. 适宜控制饮食钠 • 适宜控制饮食钠可以改善ACEI及双重阻断的治疗作用,更有效地减少蛋白尿; • 根据指南推荐,适宜控制饮食钠可以加强心血管保护。

  24. 醛固酮受体拮抗剂在高血压治疗中的作用 Efficacy of Spironolactone Therapy • Spironolactone administration to true resistant hypertensive patients is safe and effective in decreasing BP, especially in those with abdominal obesity and lower arterial stiffness. Its addition to an antihypertensive regimen as the fourth or fifth drug is recommended. Souza F et al. Hypertension. 2010;55:147-15

  25. 依普利酮(Eplerenone)选择性醛固酮受体拮抗剂依普利酮(Eplerenone)选择性醛固酮受体拮抗剂 Krum对177例已使用ACEI(ACEI组)和164例已使用ATⅡ受体拮抗剂(ATⅡ受体拮抗剂组)而血压尚未控制的高血压病人加用eplerenone(50~100mg/d)。结果用药后二组收缩压均较用药前显著下降, ATⅡ受体拮抗剂组舒张压较用药前显著下降。 Krum H, Nolly H, Workman D, et al Hypertension, 2002, 40:117-123.

  26. Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT) addition of 25 mg of spironolactone on blood pressure (BP) in patients with resistant arterial hypertension randomized, doupled-blind, placebo-controlled trial patients with office systolic BP>140 mmHg or diastolic BP>90 mmHg despite treatment with at least 3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic, spironolactone (n=59) or a placebo (n=58) 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) predictive role of aldosterone renin ratio

  27. Addition of apironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT) Prediction role of aldosterone renin ratio 1st Tertile <7.0: △BP -4.0/0 mmHg 3st Tertile >45: △BP -15.7 mmHg Systolic P=0.019 Diastolic p=0.042

  28. Risk factors for hyperkaliemia withantialdosterone drugs in hypertension • eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73m2 • Potassium>4.5 mmol/L • eGFR fall >30% • SBP fall >15 mmHg Minimizing the risk of hyperkaliemia • Starting low-dose and progressive increment if needed • Monitoring Cr and K+ in high risk patients at the beginning of treatment or when increasing the dose • Optimizing diuretic treatment ( thiazide or loop-diuretic) khosla N et al Nephrology 2009;30:418-424

  29. Interventional therapy Renal Sympathetic Denervation Carotid Sinus Baroreflex Activating System

  30. pathophysiology 中枢交感神经活性 高血压 高胰岛素血症 肾交感神经活性

  31. 去肾交感神经术 理论基础是基于肾脏周围神经组织对血压的重要影响。通过射频的能量阻断主肾动脉旁的肾交感神经,以改变脑部交感神经活性的调节。 . 经皮通过肾动脉,运用连接射频发生器的导管进行肾动脉壁射频消融。 Lancet 2009 Apr 11;373(9671): 1275-81 澳大利亚Baker心脏与糖尿病研究中心

  32. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Key inclusion criteria • -office blood pressure >=160 mmHg (>=150mmHg for diabetics) despite >=3 anti-hypertensive medications • -eGFR (MDRD formula) >=45mL/min/1.73m2 • -known secondary cause of hypertension • -type I diabetes mellitus • -renovascular abnormalities: significant renal artery stenosis, prior renal stenting or angioplasty, dual renal arteries Key exclusion criteria Symplicity HTN-2 investigators. Lancet. 2010

  33. renal nerve ablation Therapy: 6-month office BP (primary) 33/11 mmHg Difference between RDN and Control (p<0.0001) 84% of RDN patients had ≥10 mmHg reduction in SBP 10% of RDN patients had no reduction in SBP Symplicity HTN1 I nvestigators; Hypertension. 2011;57:911-917

  34. RD improve insulin sensitivity Mahfound F et al. Circulation 2011 262

  35. New strategies for resistant hypertension with metabolic syndrome Renal denervation in resistant hypertension • reduces office blood pressure and improves blood pressure control • reduces fasting glucose, insulin, c-peptide, and 2-hour glucose • improves insulin sensitivity measured by HOMA-IR • reduces the rate of progression to diabetes or glucose intolerance

  36. 颈动脉窦压力反射系统激活 组成:脉冲发生器和一个外部装置。脉冲发生器埋植于锁骨下,通过两根细电极导线植于左右颈动脉,并连接脉冲发生器 。 Vascular, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 63–69, 2007. Printed in USA 采用电子方式激活颈动脉压力感受器,血压升高信号传递到大脑,大脑向心脏、血管和肾脏传递信号,多种途径以达到降压效应。 电刺激颈动脉窦压力反射 Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33, 414e421 (2007)

  37. 电刺激颈动脉窦压力反射后的收缩压变化 多中心研究 With bilateral activation, the amplitude of the IPG (V ?Voltage) is increased in steps of 1 V from 0 V (Baseline) to 6 V, each for 5 minutes. Mean systolic blood pressure at each step is given for the test results in 16 patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33, 414e421 (2007)

  38. Beyond blood pressure 高血压是一种“心血管综合症”。 应根据心血管总体风险,决定治疗措施。 应关注对多种心血管危险因素的综合干预。

  39. 如何早期评估心血管总体风险? 利用生物标志识别早期靶器官损伤 • 遗传标志(基因,SNP) • 生化标志(血清,尿液) • 结构标志(超声、心电图等仪器反应的心血管结构变化)

  40. 利用血压参数预测早期靶器官损伤 动态血压监测 • 血压变异 • 晨峰血压 • 夜间血压 • 平均脉压 • 动态的动脉硬指数(AASI)

  41. 利用血压参数预测早期靶器官损伤 AASI的定义是1减去舒张压与收缩压之间的回归斜率。 DBP 动态的动脉硬化指数(AASI) AASI is based on the slope of DBP on SBP in 24-h ambulatory BP recordings. SBP

  42. Our project 通过对住院原发性高血压患者的动态血压监测,分析动态的动脉硬化指数(AASI)、脉压(PP)与亚临床靶器官损伤的关系。

  43. Subclinical renal organ damage • subclinical renal organ damage is defined as one of these: • the presence of microalbuminuria (albumin-creatinine • ratio(ACR): ≥22 (M); or ≥31 (W) mg/g·creatinine) . • low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) • <90ml/min/1.73m2 • eGFR-EPI formula is more accurate than the MDRD • equation ; • Our results showed that the value of eGFR measured by • the MDRD formula was lower than that estimated with the • CKD-EPI formula.

  44. Univariate correlation between AASI and 24-h pulse pressure 24h PP r =0.616 ,p<0.001 AASI

  45. Clinical characteristics of study patients (n=948)

  46. Association of renal indices with AASI and 24-hour PP

  47. AASI and TOD in patients with essential hypertension N=948

  48. AASI预测早期靶器官损伤 • Increased AASI is independently associated with early signs of renal damage in primary hypertensive patients . • These results strengthen the usefulness of AASI and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in cardiovascular risk assessment. Hypertension Research 2011

  49. 存在问题 • 高血压的临床诊断主要依据血压水平进行,并非早期预测; • 高血压的临床分型依据血压水平和高血压危险因素的数量和强度,无法进行个体化治疗; • 高血压的药物治疗主要依据临床试验的结果,无法预测患者服药的有效性,临床观察只有少数患者服药能够避免心血管病事件,由此造成严重的医疗资源浪费。

More Related