Hypertension in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease: The key role of patient compliance

1. Hypertension in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease: The key role of patient compliance Massimo Volpe, MD, FAHA, FESCUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza” Rome, Italy Relevant disclosure of interest: Consultant to Daiichi Sankyo and the Menarini group

2. Hypertension in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease • Case studies show how patients with multiple chronic conditions often require a high pill burden which can affect compliance • Patient management remains a challenge • Patient adherence has a big impact on the success of treatment • For patients at CV risk, adherence is especially important: • Higher risk  greater need to reduce and control BP • Concomitant diseases  more treatments, more pills • “Drugs don’t work if people don’t take them” (Former US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop) • Effective treatments, including combinations, are now available

3. Factors behind poor BP control in hypertension • Poor adherence to prescribed therapy • Physician inertia • Poor physician-patient communication • Insufficient use of combination therapy • Poor control of lifestyle measures (e.g. dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking) • Lack of practical and simple guidelines for management of hypertension Volpe. Expert Rev CV Therapy 2010 Jun;8:811–20

4. For patients, adherence is complex and is influenced by several factors Lack of sense of guilt, regret and shame Poor patient satisfaction Health beliefs Adherence Younger age Medication barriers Depression Motivation Type and delivery of educational materials Miller et al. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:328-34. Okken et al. Neth Heart J 2008;16:197-200. Nabi et al. J Hypertens 2008;26:2236-43. Barrier et al. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:211-4. Betancourt et al. Curr Hypertens Rep 1999;1:482-8. Hassan et al. J Hum Hypertens 2006;20:23-9.Wang et al. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:504-11.

5. Adherence/compliance in hypertensive patients typically falls over time Vrijens B et al. BMJ 2008;336:1114-7

6. Good adherence with antihypertensive therapy significantly improves BP control Odds ratio = 1.45 p=0.026 (controlling for age, gender and comorbidities) 50 43 40 33 34 30 Patients with BP control*(%) 20 10 0 High(≥80%) Medium(50–79%) Low(<50%) Level of adherence BP goal: <140/90 mmHg (or <130/85 mmHg in patients with diabetes) Bramley et al. J Manag Care Pharm 2006;12:239–45

7. Good adherence is widely acknowledged to be important for better BP control International guidelines point out that: • adherence is a major factor in BP control • improving adherence clearly has the potential to improve patients’ clinical outcomes • monitoring patients’ adherence is an important clinical parameter World Health Organization. 2003. http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_introduction.pdf. Hill MN et al. J Clin Hypertens 2011;12:757-64.

8. There is a higher riskof first-ever acute CV events* in patients with low adherence 1.00 0.87 (0.73 – 1.03) 0.50 (0.35 – 0.69) Risk of first acute CV event (hazard ratio) Low (PDC <40%) Medium (PDC 40–79%) High (PDC ≥80%) Adherence within 6 months after diagnosis *Estimated by Cox proportional-hazards models, PDC: proportion of days covered Mazzaglia G et al. Circulation 2009;120:1598-605.

9. Compared with patients with low (<80%) adherence, those with high (≥80%) adherence showed Good adherenceis associated with lower riskof CHF, CAD and cerebrovascular events Relative risk of CHF Relative risk of CAD Relative risk of CD • -11% • (RR: 0.89; CI 0.80–0.99)1 -10% (RR: 0.90; CI 0.84–0.95)2 -22% (RR: 0.78; CI 0.70–0.87)3 • Perreault et al. J Intern Med 2009;266:207-18 • 2. Perreault et al. Br J ClinPharmacol 2010;69:74-84 • 3. Kettani et al. Stroke 2009;40:213-20 Adherence calculated using medication possession ratio: total number of days supply of dispensed medication divided by duration of follow up

10. Persistence with antihypertensive treatment significantly reduces long-term CV risk Continued useof therapy 0% –37% Change in CV risk (hazard ratio) –25% RR: (95% CI 34-40%, p<0.0001) –50% • 242,594 patients newly treated for hypertension during 2000-2001 • No history of cardiovascular (CV) disease • Mean follow-up: 6 years • Analysis of hospitalisation for coronary or cerebrovascular disease Corrao et al. J Hypertens 2011;29:610-8

11. Factors behind poor BP control in hypertension • Poor adherence to prescribed therapy • Physician inertia • Poor physician-patient communication • Insufficient use of combination therapy • Poor control of lifestyle measures (e.g. dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking) • Lack of practical and simple guidelines for management of hypertension Volpe. Expert Rev CV Therapy 2010 Jun;8:811–20

12. Clinical inertiais another major factor that influences BP control • The REassessment of Antihypertensive Chronic Therapy (REACT) study: • large observational (n=1482) assessment of hypertension management in Italy • patients managed in the same clinic on stable antihypertensive treatment for ≥1 year Proportion of physicians who decided to modify therapy in patients with uncontrolled BP After 1 year, lessthan 50% of physiciansdecided to modifytherapyevenwhen BP control wasnotachieved No modification of therapy 57.6% 42.4% Yes, decided to modifytherapy Volpe et al High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2004;11:175–85

13. The Supporting Hypertension Awarenessand Research Europe-wide (SHARE) survey • Anonymous* survey to assess challenges that European physicians face when trying to get patients to BP goal† • May to December 2009 • 45 questions on several topics: • factors that influence treatment choices • opinions on different therapeutic approaches • familiarity with and opinions about treatment guidelines and acceptable BP levels in hypertensive patients *Physicians could input contact details at the end †BP goal (<140/90 mmHg, <130/80 mmHg for patients with co-morbidities or high CV risk) Redon et al J Hypertens 2011;29:1633–40

14. SHARE: physicians may lack confidence in measurements, or hesitate to reduce high SBP BP level that physicians are satisfied with (mean = 131.6 mmHg) BP level that physicians areconcernedabout (mean = 148.8 mmHg) BP level at which physicians takeimmediate action (mean = 168.2 mmHg) 140 Redon et al J Hypertens 2011;29:1633–40

15. Factors behind poor BP control in hypertension • Poor adherence to prescribed therapy • Physician inertia • Poor physician-patient communication • Insufficient use of combination therapy • Poor control of lifestyle measures (e.g. dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking) • Lack of practical and simple guidelines for management of hypertension Volpe. Expert Rev CV Therapy 2010 Jun;8:811–20

16. Doctor-patient communication often appears inadequate, especially in general practice, and should be encouraged1 Pill burden can be reduced by fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy2 Complicated treatment regimens contribute to poor compliance3 Treatment simplification is a straightforward way to improve compliance Ways to improve adherence/compliance Volpe. High Blood Press CardiovascPrev2008; 15: 63-73 Redon et al. J HypertensSuppl 2008;26:S1–14 3. Burnier et al. Int J ClinPract 2009;63:790–8

17. Physicians and patientscan improve BP control and CV protection by working together French cross-sectional, observational study 2022 hypertensive patients followed by 347 general practitioners & 210 cardiologists 41.7% P for trend = 0.01 35.3% A positive, optimistic, motivated perception of hypertension and its management was associated with higher probability of having controlled BP and lower SBP measures in patients 32.2% 32.2% 31.7% Poorly motivated Slightly motivated Intermediate Motivated Highly motivated Consoli et al. J Hypertens 2010;28:1330–9

18. Factors behind poor BP control in hypertension • Poor adherence to prescribed therapy • Physician inertia • Poor physician-patient communication • Insufficient use of combination therapy • Poor control of additional risk factors (e.g. obesity, physical inactivity, smoking) • Lack of practical and simple guidelines for management of hypertension Volpe. Expert Rev CV Therapy 2010 Jun;8:811–20

19. Use of antihypertensive polytherapy among all hypertension visits in which a drug was reportedly prescribed 70 1993 1998 60 2004 50 ≥3 classes 40 Percentage of antihypertensive drug visits 2 classes 30 20 10 0 Diuretic-BB Diuretic-ACEI/ARB Diuretic-CCB BB-CCB ACEI/ARB-CCB ACEI/ARB-BB Anycombination Antihypertensive drug combinations Ma J et al. Hypertension 2006;48:846-852

20. 1.16 1.00 1.04 1.01 0.89 0.37 0.23 0.19 0.20 0.22 Combination therapy gives the increased efficacy that many patients need to achieve BP control Adding a drug from another class Doubling the dose of one drug (from standard to twice standard dose) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 Incremental SBP reduction ratio of observed to expected additive effects 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Thiazide Beta blocker ACEI CCB All classes ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker Wald et al. Am J Med 2009;122:290 – 300

21. Some patients need to combine more than two drugsto achieve BP control • ..in no less than 15–20% of hypertensive patients, BP control cannot be achieved by a two-drug combination.1 • This is reflective of many patients in a clinical setting requiring more than two drugs • When three drugs are required, the most rational combination appears to be a blocker of the renin– angiotensin system, a calcium antagonist, and a thiazide diuretic at low doses Mancia et al. J Hypertens 2009;27:2121–58

22. Adding a third drug further increases efficacy of combination therapy One drug Two drugs Three drugs Reduction in SBP (mmHg) Law et al. BMJ 2009;338:b1665

23. Whenever possible, fixed dose (or single pill) combinations should be preferred, because simplification of treatment carries advantages for compliance to treatment This new therapeutic option can improve hypertension treatment outcomes Guidelines recommend single-pill fixed-dose combinations (FDCs)  + ARB AML AML AML  HCTZ + + ARB

24. Summary • Poor adherence and clinical inertia contribute to low BP control rates • Physician/ patient communication can improve BP control • Good adherence lowers BP and significantly reduces the risk of cardiac & cerebrovascular events • Single pill combination therapy may increase adherence in hypertension

25. Summary and perspectives • We have the opportunity to challenge the position of cardiovascular disease as Europe’s Number One Killer • BP control rates must improve and making greater use of combination therapy is central to achieving this goal • Lack of adherence has a major negative impact on BP control but can be addressed • Fixed dose combinations like those based upon olmesartan give us the chance to improve adherence and BP control and should allow us to aim for far higher BP goal rates than at present

26. New Mission of the Società Italiana dell’Ipertensione Arteriosa (SIIA) Objective 70% 2012 - 2015 Volpe M. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2012;19(1): in press