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Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers Now: the Anthropoids…

Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers Now: the Anthropoids…. But first… (Tx Travis!). Anthropoids. A.k.a., the haplorhines Dry, unconnected noses; like yours Africa, Asia, South America (originally) Monkeys, apes and humans ***prosimians are NOT “ monkeys ” Two groups

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Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers Now: the Anthropoids…

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  1. Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and TarsiersNow: the Anthropoids…

  2. But first… (Tx Travis!)

  3. Anthropoids • A.k.a., the haplorhines • Dry, unconnected noses; like yours • Africa, Asia, South America (originally) • Monkeys, apes and humans • ***prosimians are NOT“monkeys” • Two groups • Catarrhines (monkeys and apes in the Old World) • Platyrrhines (just monkeys, and in the New World only)

  4. Rhine = nose Catarrhine: Old World Primate Nostrils oriented downward Platyrrhine: New World Primate Nostrils oriented sideways

  5. Old/New World

  6. Differences Between Platyrrhines and Catarrhines

  7. Platyrrhine vs. Catarrhine Dentition:2133 vs. 2123(usually)

  8. New World Monkeys

  9. Ceboidea

  10. Cebids vs. Callitrichids *alloparental care of infants PRESENT in Capuchins, acc. To more recent Perry!!!

  11. Callitrichids juvenile golden lion tamarin Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate)

  12. Callitrichids Golden Lion Tamarins Moustached Tamarin Cotton Top Tamarin Common Marmoset

  13. Callitrichids: New Discovery • Wied’s marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii) • Usually born as twins • Chimerism: an exchange of cells between twins early during embryonic development; result is that most of these monkeys have tissues grown from their twin's cells • Germ line too: marmoset fathers can sire their own children and their nephews

  14. Atelines Red-faced uakari Howler monkey

  15. Atelines: prehensile tails Spider monkeys

  16. Cebids Capuchin monkey Squirrel monkey

  17. Catarrhines • Cercopithecoids: the Old World monkeys • Cercopithecines • Colobinae • Hominoidea: the apes

  18. Old World Monkeys

  19. Cercopithecoidea

  20. Cercopithecines Gelada baboon Hamadryas baboon Japanese macaque

  21. Cercopithecines: female-bonded Celebes macaque

  22. Colobines Black and white colobus Snub-nosed monkey

  23. Snub-nosed monkey

  24. Snub-nosed monkey

  25. Colobines Proboscis monkey

  26. Colobines eat a lot of leaves

  27. Colobines vs. Howlers • Colobines: gut with adaptations for digesting cellulose • Howlers: not so; other adaptations (some behavioral ones…) instead

  28. Hominoidea: the Apes

  29. Ape Distribution

  30. Brachiation gibbon siamang

  31. Brachiation gibbon siamang

  32. Duetting (territoriality)

  33. Monogamy

  34. Orangutan

  35. Orangutan

  36. Gorilla

  37. Gorilla: mountain vs. lowland

  38. Chimpanzee

  39. Chimpanzee 4 Goodall films shown in class

  40. Bonobo

  41. Human

  42. Overview Order: Primates Prosimians Anthropoids Tarsiers? Platyrrhines (NWM) Catarrhines (OWM and apes) Lemur Group Loris Group atelids callitrichids cercopithecoids hominoids cebids colobines cercopithecines “lesser apes” hylobat Lots of fossils Very few to no fossils “great apes” Chimp human common ancestor (lived 6-7 mya) orangutans chimp bonobo human gorillas

  43. Primates: Variables • Lots of morphological variation • Size, colors, dentition • Lots of variation in social group structure (many males and many females in a group vs. monogamous pairs, etc.) • Lots of variance in social activity (solitary aye aye vs. the übergregarious capuchin) • Lots of variance in locomotion • Lots of variance in diets • Lots of variance in susceptibility to predation • What accounts for this variance?

  44. Primate Behavioral Ecologists • Primatologists figure out relationships between ecology, morphology, behavior, and sociality • Social variables (e.g., dominance and subordinance, fighting, mating, genetic relatedness), ecological variables (e.g., seasonal foods, the presence of predators), morphological variables (e.g., a very long gut), etc.

  45. Some Examples • Colobines (OWM) and howler monkeys (NWM) eating leaves, but having very different energy levels • Male gorillas having proportionately larger teeth than females, even though they eat leaves, not meat • When newly joining a group, male langurs will selectively kill most or all infants who are still nursing, then immediately mate with the mothers (who agree to it!)

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