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The War to End War, 1917-1918: Wilson's Idealism and the Fight for Democracy

Explore the events and impact of World War I from 1917 to 1918, including the Zimmermann note, Wilson's declaration of war, Wilson's Fourteen Points, Creel's propaganda campaign, loyalty enforcement, the war economy, women's suffrage, and the American military's involvement in Europe.

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The War to End War, 1917-1918: Wilson's Idealism and the Fight for Democracy

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  1. Chapter 30 The War to End War, 1917–1918

  2. I. War by Act of Germany • Zimmermann note(March 1, 1917) • Secret message encouraged Mexico to attack U.S. • The long-dreaded “overt” act in the Atlantic • U-boats sank 4 U.S. merchant ships (March, 1917) • Russian Revolution toppled cruel regime of tsars • America could now fight foursquare for democracy • Wilson asked for a declaration of war • Congress agrees (April 6, 1817)

  3. (1917)

  4. p679

  5. II. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned • America abandons isolationism • Wilson proclaim U.S. glorified war goals • ‘Make world safe for democracy’ • Wilsonian idealism • Modern war unsustainable • Americans could be either isolationists or crusaders

  6. III. Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points • Wilson - the moral leader of the Allied cause • On Wilson’s Fourteen Points (April 1918) • (1) No secret treaties • (2) Freedom of the seas • (3) Free trade • (4) Reduction of arms • (5) Adjustment of colonial claims (self determination) • Capstone point • (14) The League of Nations

  7. IV. Creel Manipulates Minds • Committee on Public Information • Purpose—to mobilize the people’s mind for war • Domestic propaganda took varied forms • Speeches, billboards, handbooks, movies • U.S. relied on passion and voluntary compliance

  8. p682

  9. V. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent • Over 8 million German-Americans • Some were tarred, feathered, beaten • Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 • Antiwar/Socialist/Labor leaders arrested • Schenk v. United States (1919) • The Supreme Court affirmed their legality • “Clear and present danger” ruling

  10. FreeSpeechvsNationalSecurity

  11. VI. The Nation’s Factories Go to War • Wilson backed preparedness measures • Supported economic mobilization • Increased size of Navy and Army • Fed governments growing economic role • War Industries Board (1917-1918) • Central role in the economic planning

  12. VII. Workers in Wartime • “Labor Will Win the War” • War Department’s “work or fight” rule • The National War Labor Board • Employers / workers cooperated • Most unions supported the war effort • Industrial Workers of the World (wobblies) did not • Post war labor unrest • 1919 steel strike – failed & hurt unions for 15 years • Strikers labeled as ‘communist’ • Blacks used as workers (scabs), riots broke out

  13. p683

  14. p682

  15. VIII. Suffering Until Suffrage • Women heard the call of patriotism opportunity • Thousands replaced men in factories and fields • War gave new momentum to the suffrage fight • Wilson endorsed woman suffrage • States started to recognize women's right to vote • The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) • Gave all American women the right to vote • Women’s post-war role returned to tradition

  16. p685

  17. p685

  18. What part of the nation Gave women the right To vote earlier? WHY ?

  19. What are the “Progressive Amendments”? 16th = National Income Tax 17th = Direct Election of Senators 18th = Prohibition 19th = Women’s Suffrage

  20. IX. Forging a War Economy • Wilson’s administration’s preference • Voluntary means to mobilize the economy • Feds took greater command of U.S.’s resources • Food Administration • Voluntary compliance, propaganda +25% production • The Fuel Administration • “heatless Monday,” “lightless nights,” “gasless Sundays” • The Treasury Department • “Halt the Hun” Liberty Loan drives

  21. p686

  22. X. Making Plowboys into Doughboys • America’s early role in the war • Navy goal’s = freedom of the seas • US military to be raised, trained, & transported • Conscription was the answer Wilson didn’t like the draft, but agreed

  23. XI. Fighting in France—Belatedly • Russian Civil War won byBolsheviks (1917) • Withdrew from the “capitalistic war” (1918) • Germany • Transferred ‘eastern front’ troops to ‘western front’ • France • Used American doughboys for replacements • American troops also in Russia, Belgium, Italy Bolsheviks = Communist (US fought Bolsheviks)

  24. p687

  25. XII. America Helps Hammer the “Hun” • German drive towards Paris (July 1918) • Second Battle of the Marine • American Expeditionary Force • Meuse-Argonne offensive (Sept-Nov, 1918) • 1.2 million American troops engaged (10% causality rate) 1st major fight for US troops

  26. Map 30-1 p688

  27. USA & ALLIES ‘WIN’ WWI

  28. p690

  29. Figure 30-1 p690

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