The French and Indian War 1754-1763

The French and Indian War1754-1763 Unit 3 SS8H3: The student will analyze the role of Georgia in the American Revolution.

The French and Indian War • Was the result of years of disputes between France and Britain. • Causes were greed and fear. • France allied with many western Native American tribes. • Britain allied with the six tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy.

The French and Indian War • Dispute over the Ohio River Valley increased tension because both countries claimed the land.

War Erupts • George Washington led 150 militia men to Fort Duquesne (French fort). • Washington and his troops build Fort Necessity for Britain and attack neighboring French camps. • On July 3, 1754, Washington is forced to surrender to the French…the war had begun. • The Treaty of Paris of 1763 officially ended the war.

French and Indian War

Brain Teasers Questions (answer in Notebook) • 1. (p. 143) Who was Virginia’s governor in 1753? What were his thoughts about the French and Indian alliances? • 2. (p. 144) Were the British successful at the beginning of the war? Why or why not? • 3. (p. 144) Why is William Pitt a significant figure (i.e. what did he do)? • 4. (p. 145) What did the Proclamation of 1763 do for Georgia?

Answers • 1. Governor Dinwiddie believed the French and Native American alliances were a major threat to the British colonists. • 2. No. The British army lost many battles in the first four years of the war due to their fighting tactics and the color of their uniforms. • 3. William Pitt was placed in charge of the war effort. He captured Quebec and Montreal (key victories for Britain).

Proclamation of 1763 • Issued by King George III • Expanded GA’s southern border to the St. Mary’s River. • Forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mts. (made colonists feel betrayed). • Cherokee and Creek Indians forced to give up land between the Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers, as well as the coastal south.

Warm-up #2 • What did the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act place taxes on?

Taxation without Representation • As a result of the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Act, the colonists began to protest the British Parliament and boycott British goods. • Because the colonists did not have any representatives in Britain’s government, they declared it was unfair to enforce such taxes. “No taxation without representation” became the colonists battle cry.

Protests and Violence • Colonists began to boycott British goods to hurt British merchants and British business. • Many colonists simply ignored the Sugar Act and Stamp Act. They even threatened tax collectors. • While putting pressure on the British Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, the colonists wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the British king. • The Stamp Act was repealed in March 1766.

The Boston Massacre

The Boston Tea Party

An Invitation to the Boston Tea Party

The Intolerable Acts • Fours laws passed by the British and placed on the colonies/colonists in order to punish them for their actions. • The four laws/acts: • 1. Boston Harbor closed (punishment for the Boston Tea Party) • 2. Massachusetts royal charter is cancelled. • 3. British officials charged with crimes/offenses in the colonies could be tried in England. • 4. The Quartering Act stated that the citizens of the colonies had to house and feed British troops at their own expense.

The First Continental Congress • On September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress took place to discuss how to respond to Britain. They agreed to stop all trade with Britain and set up committees of safety.

In-class Writing (choose one and write one to two paragraphs) • 1. At this point in history, do you think that war between Britain and the colonists could have been avoided? Explain your answer by using references from your notes. • 2. How would have the Intolerable Acts impacted the lives of the colonists? (Think in terms of economics, justice, and daily life) • 3. Describe the connection between the Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable Acts imposed on the colonists.

Warm-up #3 • Describe the events of the Boston Massacre. How was the Boston Massacre used to fuel hatred towards the British?

Georgia and the Revolution • Many Georgians hesitated to join the revolutionary movement. • GA, as well as the other 12 colonies, remained divided. • Loyalists – Colonists who supported Great Britain. • Patriots – Colonists who supported the revolution. • GA did not send a representative to the First Continental Congress.

Georgia and the Revolution • Congress asked all of the colonies to form a group called the Association. • The Association banned trade with Britain. • On April 19, 1775, the first shots of the war were fired. • Lexington and Concord were the first two battles of the Revolutionary War. • The first shot at Lexington was described as “…the shot heard round the world.”

Lexington and Concord

Georgia and the Revolution • Lyman Hall was sent independently to represent GA in the Association. • Three weeks after Lexington and Concord the Second Continental Congress opened. • GA remained absent for the first few days • The other colonies were furious at GA because it did not seem supportive.

Georgia and the Revolution • In July 1775, GA was prepared to act: • The Second Provincial Congress came together to choose representatives to send to Philadelphia. • Five representatives were sent from GA. • Also, GA created the Council of Safety in order to form a new government for the colony.

The Declaration of Independence • Approved on July 4, 1776. • It was officially signed on August 2, 1776. • Three Georgians signed the document: • 1. Lyman Hall • 2. George Walton • 3. Button Gwinnett • The document was written primarily by Thomas Jefferson.

The Declaration of Independence • 3 parts to the Declaration of Independence: • 1. preamble – the introduction stated how the colonists felt about democracy. • 2. the body – listed 27 grievances (complaints) against King George III and his government that led the colonists to seek independence. • 3. the conclusion – declared the colonies to be an independent nation for all future times.

Warm-up #6 • What was the purpose of the Council of Safety?

Key figures in GA History during the American Revolution • 1. Elijah Clarke (p. 157, 161) • 2. Austin Dabney (p. 162) • 3. Nancy Hart (p. 159) • 4. Button Gwinnett (p. 155, 157) • 5. Lyman Hall (p. 153, 154, 155, 187) • 6. George Walton (p. 155, 157)

Key figures in GA History during the American Revolution • 1. Elijah Clarke (p. 157, 161) – A colonel of a GA militia group who led his men to victory over the British at the Battle of Kettle Creek (Feb. 1779). The battle lifted the spirits of the GA militia men. Clarke also led his men to victory by taking Augusta from the British. Clarke County is named after Elijah Clarke.

Key figures in GA History during the American Revolution • 2. Austin Dabney (p. 162) – A freeborn mulatto (child of mixed parentage) who fought under Elijah Clarke at Kettle Creek. Dabney is credited with saving the life of Clarke by giving the colonel a horse. Despite months of debate and protest, Dabney was given land in Madison County for his service as a patriot.

Key figures in GA History during the American Revolution • 3. Nancy Hart (p. 159) – GA’s most famous heroine. The legend of Hart remains an example of the revolutionary spirit of GA. Hart County is the only county in GA named after a woman. Five days after Tories killed her neighbor, they stopped by Nancy Hart’s house and demanded food. After providing the Tories with food and whiskey, Hart attempted to disarm the soldiers. According to legend, Hart killed as many as two of the soldiers after they discovered what she was doing.

Key figures in GA History during the American Revolution • 4. Button Gwinnett (p. 155, 157) – One of three GA representatives to sign the Declaration of Independence. Gwinnett helped ensure the passage of GA’s first Constitution in 1777. That same year he was appointed GA’s president and commander-in-chief. Gwinnett County is named for him.

Key figures in GA History during the American Revolution • 5. Lyman Hall (p. 153, 154, 155, 187) – One of three GA representatives to sign the Declaration Independence. Hall joined the Second Continental Congress in May 1775. As Governor of GA, Hall recommended that the state set aside land for schools.

Key figures in GA History during the American Revolution • 6. George Walton (p. 155, 157) – One of three GA representatives to sign the Declaration of Independence. At age 26, he was the youngest person to sign the Declaration of Independence. Walton was a patriot that was active in the revolutionary government. He eventually became a governor of GA, Chief Justice of GA,, a U.S. senator, and justice of the state superior court.

Battle of Kettle Creek • Fought in February 1779. • A minor battle compared to other Revolutionary battles throughout the colonies. • A major victory for GA. • Outnumbered militia men, led by Elijah Clarke, defeated a British force of more than 800 troops. • The militia/patriots gained much needed supplies (i.e. weapons and horses). • The victory lifted the spirits of the GA militia.

The Siege of Savannah • In early September 1779, 22 French ships and 4,000 soldiers combined with a force of 15,000 Americans to lay siege to Savannah. • Siege – When forces try to capture a fortified fort or town by surrounding it and preventing any supplies from reaching it. • The siege lasted three weeks. • A failed attack on Savannah, led by Casimir Pulaski, cost the Americans 1,000 lives and 600 wounded. • Savannah remained under British control until 1782.

Images and Words

The French and Indian War 1754-1763