The Building Enclosure: Legal and Risk Management Issues Patrick J. O’Connor

1. The Building Enclosure: Legal and Risk Management Issues Patrick J. O’Connor Faegre & Benson, LLP Brian C. Kramer, P.E., G.E. Quality Built, LLC and Twining, Inc. San Diego February 10, 2011

2. Faegre & Benson • International law firm headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota • Additional offices located in: • Boulder • Denver • Des Moines • London • Shanghai

3. Twining, Inc. Quality Built, LLC Nation’s leading third party quality assurance firm for residential construction. Advanced IT platform and proprietary software enables seamless integration with other systems. Quality Built's Quality Management System is ISO 9001:2008 registered • Founded in 1898 • Full-service engineering and quality control company • Leader in construction materials testing and inspection for commercial, institutional and infrastructure projects • Provided QA inspection and testing services on numerous projects utilizing BIM

4. A few statistics courtesy of CNA insurance: “Then there is the man who drowned crossing a stream with an average depth of six inches. ~ W.I.E. Gates

5. Frequency (All Claims) by Claimant Identification (1995 – 2004)

6. Commercial/Retail Buildings: All Claims by Problem Area(1995 – 2004) Frequency = reported claims Severity = CNA dollars spent 15% 12% 9% 6% 3% 0% HVAC Site Planning Roofing Electrical Plumbing/Fire Prot Curbs Paving Building Superstruc

7. Residential Projects: All Claims by Problem Area(1995 – 2004) Frequency = reported claims Severity = CNA dollars spent 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Site Planning Roofing Foundation Foundation/ Substruc Building Superstruc Water Runoff Wall Bearing

8. Hospital/Healthcare Facilities: All Claims by Problem Area (1995 – 2004) Frequency = reported claims Severity = CNA dollars spent 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% HVAC Plumbing/Fire Prot Electrical Roofing Plumbing/Piping Site Planning Floors

9. Architects: Claims FrequencyPer 100 Firms 25 20 15 Number of Claims 10 5 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

10. Engineers: Claims FrequencyPer 100 Firms 35 30 25 20 Number of Claims 15 10 5 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

11. Building Enclosure (BE) Statistics • BE claims: CNA Premier Program (billing $500,000 to $20 M annually) • Small firms accounted for more claims (frequency) than large firms, but the severity (sums paid) was greater with large firms • Large firms had an average indemnity payment of $215,000 • Study did not define small firm or large firm

12. BE Claims by Project Type (1998 – 2007) Frequency = reported claims Severity = CNA dollars spent

13. Ten Worst States for BE Claims • New York (Frequency, 13%; Severity, 13%) • New Jersey(Frequency, 8%; Severity, 9%) • California (Frequency, 8%; Severity, 8%) • Florida (Frequency, 5%; Severity, 8%) • Texas (Frequency, 5%; Severity, 4%) • Washington (Frequency, 5%; Severity, 6%) • Ohio (Frequency, 4%; Severity, 4%) • Pennsylvania (Frequency, 4%; Severity, 3%) • Minnesota (Frequency, 4%; Severity, 2%) • Illinois (Frequency, 5%; Severity, 1%)

14. CNA BE Case Studies • Study 1 – Condo project completed over ten-year period • Water infiltration problem claim against architect, developer, contractors ($11 M) • Defense: Developer would only pay for minimal design services • Plans did not include flashing details or a specification for use of vinyl tape • Developer only agreed to pay for site visits once or twice per year • Architect’s experts concluded it did not meet standard of care • Claim occurred in a state involving joint and several liability where a judgment against any defendant for even 1% liability could result in that defendant having to pay 100% of the damages • Settlement: Paid $775,000 ($42,000 in expenses)

15. Study 2 – Architect retained to design television station • Shortly after completion, cast-in-place concrete structure began to crack, allowing for water intrusion • Correction: Elastomeric coating over entire building - $1.6 M, another $1 M incurred in mold remediation and loss of income • Defense: Correction was a betterment and the concrete was originally designed to act as waterproofing, but its thickness was increased as a result of value engineering • Owner settled with contractor for $150,000 • Architect offered $400,000, but owner refused anything less than $1.2 M • Result: Architect prevailed at trial, yet total expenses were $970,000

16. Study 3 – Architect provides design and limited construction phase services on school project • Water infiltration problems • Delaminating siding allowing water to penetrate • Moisture problems from missing flashing and window leaks • HVAC issues • Several students and teachers filed bodily injury claims due to mold-related illnesses • Defense: Problems due to construction error, including failure to use caulking as specified by manufacturer • Settlement with Owner: Total claim resolved for $2.7 M with $500,000 from architect • Settlement of Bodily Injury Claims: $150,000 paid by architect, $396,000 in defense costs paid under PL policy; like amount under GL policy

17. Study 4 – Engineer retained to provide services on three-story hotel • Problem: Mold developed causing closure of hotel • Causes: (1) Gaps in windows caused by architect’s failure to coordinate window installations with changes in wall structure; (2) negative air pressure from bathroom exhaust fans; (3) improper drainage from HVAC units; and (4) defective construction • Remediation costs: $6 M plus claim for loss of income • Settlement: Mechanical engineer paid $650,000. • Defense costs: $233,000

18. Study 5 – Engineer retained by uninsured architect for structural services on condominium project • Problem: Hurricane results in stucco delaminating and eventually falling from structure, allowing water to penetrate and damage building • Claims: Contractor sued for $13 M; seeks contribution from design team • Engineering issues: • Concrete covering of rebar in balconies did not meet code • Alleged improper review of shop drawings of metal stud system for the EIFS • Settlement: Engineer paid $800,000 • Expenses: $94,000

19. Study 6 – Architect designs two apartment towers completed six years apart • Problem: Water infiltration • Causes: (1) Infiltrated through curtain wall because PVC flashing did not extend through the exterior brick wall; (2) insufficient waterproofing in the CMU back-up wall • Claim: $13 M against design and construction entities • Architect’s liability: Architect’s experts assessed damages at 70% design-related and 30% construction-related • Settlement: Architect paid $957,000 • Expenses: $329,000

20. Curtain Wall Systems • History: • In the first half of the 20th Century, building façade design underwent a transition from massive load-bearing walls to the relatively lightweight, non-load-bearing curtain wall. • Design principles: • Structural requirements • Support own weight (gravity) • Transfer of gravity, wind, and earthquake to structure • Accommodate expansion and other movement • Management of thermal expansion/contraction (e.g., aluminum moves about 2.5 times more than glass under same temperature change) • Long-term settlement (deflection) of concrete structural elements • Long-term creep of concrete can triple the initial elastic deflection

21. Thermal performance • Heat flows through wall systems by conduction (heat flow directly through solid material); convection (movement of air); radiation (transmission of heat from hotter to colder surface through electromagnetic waves); and air leakage • Design considerations: Proper selection of materials, creation of thermal breaks • Airborne moisture migration • Relative humidity concerns • Vapor diffusion (through materials at a molecular level) • Mass transport of vapor (through gaps, cracks or other openings in the building envelope)

22. Condensation • Aluminum and glass have relatively high heat flow characteristics – prone to condensation on interior surfaces when outside temperature is low • Use of insulating glass units • Sound attenuation • Thermal expansion and contraction • Sound transmission

23. Common defects: • Water penetration • If location, location, location is the mantra of real estate, then “water, water, water” is the mantra for building enclosures, including curtain walls • Problems caused by water • Corrosion of fasteners that hold the wall cladding to the structural back-up wall • Corrosion of light gauge steel studs that brace the veneer against lateral loads from the wind and earthquake • Rotting of wood members such as plywood sheathing and wall studs • Dissolution of soluble wall components such as gypsum wallboards • Fungus growth on biological “food” within wall systems, such as paper-faced sheathing boards • Loss of insulating capacity due to wet insulating materials • Electrical shorts at junction boxes

24. Causes leading to water infiltration • Most significant: (1) over-reliance on sealants as waterproofing agents (design issue); (2) poor or missing through-wall flashings (design and construction defects) • Loss of attachment • Common causes • Lack of adequate joints in the cladding to accommodate movement of the cladding relative to the building’s structural frame • Fatigue of metal anchors • Loss of sealant bond in structural silicone glazing applications • Glass breakage • Most often result of stress-concentrating flaws in the glass and not loads that exceed the design loads

25. Common sources of glass problems • Handling damage • In-service damage/glass-to-frame interaction • In-service/surface impact (wind-blown debris or window washing operations) • Impurities in fully-tempered glass • Uncontrolled air and moisture vapor flow

26. Risk Mitigation: Planning and Design • The following procedures, protocols, and activities may effectively reduce risk exposure due to building envelope performance problems • A well-crafted contract that intelligently allocates risks, creates proper incentives for collaboration and high performance and clearly defines work scopes and responsibilities • Sufficient level of contract administration services • Retention of water infiltration consultant • Appropriate pre-project planning process • Peer review of novel or complex designs • Constructability reviews providing for integration of construction input into project planning, design, and field operations • Retention of knowledgeable and professional consultants

27. Adequate dissemination of clear and thorough installation instructions – paying particular attention to manufacturer recommendations • Carefully coordinated design documents • Review suitability of various components and systems to insure compatibility with external environment as well as to each other • Well-designed mock-ups and employment of appropriate water testing

28. Risk Mitigation: Construction Walt Disney Concert Hall Los Angeles, California John Wayne Airport Terminal C Santa Ana, California Physicians Hospital of Murrieta Murrieta, California Mission Hospital Acute Care Tower Mission Viejo, California

29. Risk Mitigation: Construction • Virtually no extension of the BIM process into construction inspection • No code requirements for BIM, physical mock-ups, or inspection • Quality Built’s experience of liability insurance carriers indirectly mandating their service on residential projects has no parallel in complex structures • Building envelope consultants have historically provided tremendous support on design review and failure analysis • Inspection during construction is occasionally well structured, usually widely spaced, and often not performed • Does an owner really care why their curtain wall is leaking?

30. Risk Transfer • Contractual risk transfer • How does the contract assign risks of building envelope performance? • Waiver of consequential damages • Limitation of liability provisions • Indemnity agreements • Waiver of subrogation provisions • Warranties • Exclusive remedy provisions • Liquidated damages provisions

31. Statutory/legal risk transfer • Joint and several liability • Contribution • Indemnity • Statutory warranties • Consumer protection laws • Right to cure laws • Statutes of limitation/statutes of repose • Improvement to real property statutes • UCC re application to manufacturers

32. Third-party risk transfer • Insurance • Liability • Professional – limits of retention issues; lack of excess coverage; claims-made form issues • General – limitations on economic losses unless “property damage” present; is poor workmanship an “occurrence”? • Property • Poor design and workmanship exclusion – ensuing loss exception • Bonding

33. Special concerns • Use and reliance upon manufacturer specifications • Practical realities of following manufacturer’s installation recommendations • Economic loss doctrine • Defense of betterment • The Spearin doctrine – how does it apply to complex systems that involve design activities from multiple parties often working collaboratively • Doctrine of economic waste • Aesthetic concerns

34. The relationship between two legal systems, one governing manufacturers providing goods and the other construction participants providing professional and non-professional services

35. Mitigation of Risk through “BIM” Construction Inspection • 3D v. 2D Images moving from design to construction inspection

36. Mitigation of Risk through “BIM” Construction Inspection

37. Mitigation of Risk through “BIM” Construction Inspection

38. The Role of BIM in Building Enclosure Liability and Risk Allocation • From design to construction, is there a critical gap? • How do curtain wall fabricators and other subs view BIM? • Is the client (owner) getting full value out of their investment in BIM if no quality control testing and/or inspection is required on a project?

39. The Role of BIM in Building Enclosure Liability and Risk Allocation • The BIM process can manage a great deal of information pertinent to the building enclosure, including wind loads, wind tunnel tests, structural live-load movement requirements, material finishes, glass type, interlayer type, allowable deflection on framing systems, thermal information, curtain wall profiles, test criteria, drift and earthquake requirements, sound transmission, sealant types, field data, weather data, and field inspection information.* *Courtesy of Will Ikerd – “BIM and the Building Envelope,” Journal of Building Information Modeling, Spring 2010, at pp. 25-26

40. BIM analysis models can enable participants to perform constructability analysis through dimensionally-accurate 3D models. These models can help identify: • Scope gap between building envelope trades • Material incompatibility • Construction tolerance issues between materials • Issues relative to material transitions at joints • Coordination of structural supporting steel and imbeds with the building envelope systems • BIM model can be an aid to third-party water infiltration reviewers and water testing inspectors

41. BIM models may provide a useful tool for energy performance of building envelope • BIM models may be useful in daylighting/lighting analyses • BIM can be used to create virtual mock-ups of building envelope at significantly less cost than physical mock-ups allowing for testing of more conditions BUT … • How good is BIM at showing very thin building products such as flashing? • What other limitations or constraints are there that might limit applicability to building envelope design?

42. The Role of BIM in Building Enclosure Liability and Risk Allocation “Curtain wall companies will have to provide committed competent BIM services to compete and survive on projects of any significance within the next five years. BIM requirements will be ubiquitous on requests for proposals for new work in the near future…The curtain wall industry of 2015 with BIM will look dreamily different than it does today. It is an exciting time for companies to leverage the opportunities while they overcome the challenges of the new BIM process that uses dynamic new BIM tools.” Glass Magazine, June 2009